Anatomy & Physiology One AM

What does responsiveness in an organism illustrate?

The ability to sense and react to changes in its body.

What is metabolism defined as?

All the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life.

What is the removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions called?

Excretion.

What is homeostasis?

The tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.

Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the body are balanced and heat and pressure __.

Remain within certain limited ranges.

What typically requires negative feedback mechanisms?

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

What do positive feedback mechanisms usually produce?

Short-lived, unstable conditions.

Which process exemplifies a positive feedback mechanism?

Uterine contractions during childbirth.

What is NOT an example of a negative homeostatic mechanism in the human body?

Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid.

What is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms?

The cell.

What is simple squamous epithelium an example of?

Tissue.

What do specialized cell types organized in a way that provides a specific function build?

Organs.

What lists the increasing levels of complexity?

Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems.

What is NOT true of organelles?

They are only in cells of humans.

Why are anatomy and physiology difficult to separate?

Physiological functions depend on anatomical structures.

What do anatomists primarily do?

Observing body parts.

What do physiologists study?

Functions of body parts.

What is the origin of the term 'anatomy'?

The Greek word for 'cutting up'.

What is the term 'physiology' related to?

The Greek word for 'relationship to nature'.

From which languages does most anatomical terminology come?

Latin and Greek.

Where does the thoracic cavity lie in relation to the abdominopelvic cavity?

Superior to.

What type of body section shows one whole lung per section and a split urinary bladder?

Sagittal.

In which system are blood cells produced?

Skeletal.

What is the main function of the digestive system?

Absorption of nutrients.

Which process does NOT help to maintain the life of an individual organism?

Reproduction.

Which process is involved in the continuation of the human species?

Reproduction.

What is NOT part of the female reproductive system?

The bulbourethral gland.

What is true concerning the female reproductive system?

All of the choices are correct.

What is ultrasonography most useful for examining?

Soft internal structures, such as fetuses.

What does magnetic resonance imaging use?

Radio waves.

What is NOT true when the body is in anatomical position?

The palms are facing backward.

What anatomical term indicates a structure close to the surface?

Superficial.

What causes age-related wrinkled and sagging skin?

Loss of subcutaneous fat, elastin, and collagen.

What are signs of aging at the cellular level?

Impaired cell division and the ability to recycle worn cell parts.

When does cell death first occur?

In the fetus.

What characteristic do centenarians often share?

never having smoked

What do living organisms use oxygen for?

To release energy stored in the molecules of food.

What was recently discovered in the small intestine?

Taste receptors that detect sweetness.

What must the human body obtain from the environment to survive?

Water.

Which disease originates in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Pancreatitis.

After a hand cut, what must blood platelets do to create a positive feedback mechanism?

Change shape to encourage more to rush in and stick to each other to form plugs.

In negative feedback mechanisms, changes away from the normal state

stimulate changes in the opposite direction

Positive feedback mechanisms

continue to move conditions away from the normal state.

Why is chemistry important to the study of physiology?

It provides the foundation for understanding bodily functions.

What are two types of ionizing radiation?

Cosmic radiation and gamma radiation.

Which of these is NOT a monosaccharide?

Sucrose.

What gland uses iodine in a synthesis reaction?

Thyroid gland.

What does the pH scale measure?

The concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.

What is true about proteins?

All of the answer choices are correct.

What is the maximum number of electrons in the first electron shell of an atom?

2 electrons.

The atoms of the ions of a particular element vary in the number of?

Electrons.

An organic compound always contains?

Carbon and hydrogen.

What would be most likely to react with a base to form a salt?

Battery acid.

What is carbon's atomic number?

6.

Considering the number of valence electrons, how many hydrogen atoms can a free carbon atom bond with?

4.

What is the quaternary structure of a ribosome?

The entire structure of the ribosome with its associations between subunits into a functional protein.

Which of the following is NOT organic?

Water.

Which substance is least likely to dissolve in water?

Triglycerides.

What are electrolytes?

Substances that ionize in water.

What does the formula H₂O refer to?

A molecule that contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

What happens when forming a bond if an atom has 2 electrons in its second shell?

It will lose 2 electrons from its second shell.

What is the condition called if a person has alkalemia?

The blood pH rises above 7.5.

What is phenylketonuria?

An inherited disease where an individual cannot break down phenylalanine.

What diet can control phenylketonuria?

A diet very low in protein.

What defines the atomic number of an element?

It always equals the number of protons.

What are nucleic acids composed of?

Building blocks called nucleotides.

How do isotopes of a particular element vary?

In the number of neutrons.

What is a major effect of ionizing radiation?

It can harm cancer cells more readily than non-cancer cells.

What type of reaction is H₂CO₃ → H₂O + CO₂?

Decomposition reaction.

What is the most abundant inorganic substance in the body?

Water.

What is true about lard compared to peanut oil?

Lard has more single carbon-carbon bonds.

If a patient's blood pH is 7.39, what does this indicate?

Their blood pH is normal.

What happens in an ionic bond?

Oppositely charged atoms attract.

What role does oxygen play in the body?

It is used during cellular respiration.

Which molecule does NOT have a polar region?

Triglycerides.

What does chemistry deal with?

The composition of and changes to substances.

What is the atomic weight of an element with 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons?

16.

What happens in a covalent bond?

Atoms share two or more electrons.

Which elements make up over 95% of the human body by weight?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.

What does a substance do if it alters a protein's three-dimensional structure?

It denatures the protein.

What happens when hydrogen (H) gains a proton?

It becomes another element.

What structures of a protein change when it denatures?

Tertiary and quaternary structures.

What is the molecular formula of a simple carbohydrate?

C₆H₁₂O₆.

What is a biomarker?

A body chemical associated with a particular disease or toxin.

Which of the following is NOT a source of ionizing radiation?

Cholesterol and triglycerides.

What is a neutral solution?

A solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.

Why is a complete atom electrically neutral?

The number of electrons equals the number of protons.

What does a pH difference of 1 represent in terms of hydrogen ion concentration?

Ten times the concentration.

What do isotopes of an element have in common?

The same atomic number.

What can high blood pressure indicate?

Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis).

What is the function of amylase?

It promotes the breakdown of starches during digestion.

What occurs when NaCl is placed in water?

It dissociates into Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions.

What does HNO₃ dissociate into in a solution?

H⁺ and NO₃⁻, making it a(n) acid.

What is a patient's blood pH of 7.29 likely indicating?

Acidosis.

What is the implication of a blood pH of 7.62?

Alkalosis.

What happens when K⁺ and Cl⁻ meet?

They form KCl with an ionic bond.

What characterizes carbohydrates?

All of the answer choices are correct.

What are matter and atoms fundamentally linked?

Matter is composed of elements, which are composed of atoms.

Where is glycogen stored?

In the liver and skeletal muscles.

Where can you find informational content in DNA and RNA?

In the nitrogenous bases.