AP Gov Unit 3 Vocab

civil rights

Protections of groups by the government.

civil liberties

Protections of rights for citizens from government actions.

1st no establishment

Government cannot create laws establishing religious rules.

1st free exercise

Government cannot create laws restricting religious beliefs.

1st clear and present danger

Free speech is limited if it endangers the state.

1st pure speech

Freedom of speaking.

1st symbolic speech

Freedom of actions that are like speech.

1st community standards

Community limits to certain publications in that area.

1st incitement

Trying to cause violence.

1st prior restraint

Stopping the press from publishing.

1st libel

Lying about a person in print with intent to harm.

1st slander

Lying about a person in speech with intent to harm.

2nd well-regulated militia

First portion of the amendment’s rights.

2nd right to bear arms

Second portion of the amendment’s rights.

3rd no quartering

Military troops cannot force citizens to house them.

4th search and seizure

Rules about collecting evidence with or without warrants.

4th probable cause

Collecting evidence without a warrant on suspicion.

4th exclusionary rule

Evidence collected but barred from use in court.

4th good faith exception

Evidence collected with flawed warrants.

4th privacy (penumbra right)

Rights in the ‘shadow’ of the Constitution.

5th indictments

Charges against a person.

5th double jeopardy

Charging a person multiple times for a single event.

5th self-incrimination

Giving evidence against one’s self.

5th just compensation

Payment for seized property.

5th eminent domain

The power of seizing private property for public use.

5th due process

The rules of courts and the judicial system.

6th speedy and public trial

Right of the public via courts.

6th impartial jury

Right of the accused.

6th confront witnesses

Right of the accused.

6th obtain witnesses

Right of the accused.

6th assistance of counsel

Right of the accused.

7th trial by jury in civil trials

Right of the accused.

8th no excessive bail

Right of the accused.

8th no cruel and unusual punishment

Right of the accused.

9th rights retained

People’s rights not given to the national government.

10th reserved powers

State’s rights not given to the national government.

defamation

The act of damaging the reputation of another.

heavy presumption against prior restraint

Strict limits of keeping the press from publishing.

obscene speech

Limited free speech.

offensive speech

Forms of hurtful speech.

14th “selective” incorporation

Case-by-case application of the due process clause on state courts.

14th due process rights

All states must give all citizens these rights.

14th equal protection rights

All states must give all citizens these rights.

14th national citizenship

Congress, not the states, now defines citizenship.

Hyde Amendment of 1976

Law barring federal money being used for abortions.

limits on bulk collections of telecommunications meta data

Post 9/11 interpretations of data collection by the government.

limits to speech

How do courts interpret speech freedoms or not?

Miranda rule

Requirements to inform individuals of their rights before arrest.

Patriot Act

Post 9/11 powers of surveillance, etc.

penumbra rights

Rights interpreted to exist in the shadow of the Constitution.

public safety exceptions

Expansions of government powers to stop terrorism.

USA Freedom Act

Post 9/11 expansions and department creations.

warrantless searches

Where and when allowed.

class action suits

Groups claiming mass actions in lawsuits.

Hatch Amendment

Legal actions to help with education.

LGBT

Non-heterosexual individuals.

pro-choice

Supporting the right to abortions.

pro-life

Opposing abortion rights.

Title II

No discrimination in public accommodations.

Title IX

Laws covering men's and women's sports and funding.

Title VII

Portions of the Civil Rights Act concerning hiring discrimination.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Directly led to the 14th Amendment.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Eliminated national discrimination.

de facto segregation

Segregation that occurs ‘by fact’ not law.

de jure segregation

Government-imposed segregation.

Dixiecrats/State’s Rights Democrats

Civil Rights Era conservatives favoring segregation.

equal protection clause

Key part of the 14th Amendment.

grandfather clause

Limiting black voting rights based on ancestor's status.

literacy test

Limiting black voting with impossible test standards.

poll tax

Limiting black voting rights with prohibitive fees.

separate but equal

Government-sponsored segregation.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Attempts to eliminate voting restrictions on minorities.

Kennedy’s Executive Order 10925

The first executive effort to create affirmative action.