vocab from textbook

schemas

individualised mental representations that guide behaviour

mental representation

an arrangement of internal cognitive symbols that seek to correspond to external reality

bias

supporting or opposing someone or something in an unfair way, due to personal opinion influencing judgement

ingerential statistics

these aim to highlight relationships and trends in the data, and their degree of significance

flashbulb memory

an emotional memory that relates to a specific powerful impression-creating event that reconstructs what the person did and felt at the time

implicit memory

memory containing information acquired mainly without conscious effort

long-term memory (LTM)

the permanent human memory store with virtually unlimited capacity

procedural memory

part of the implicit memory, handling stages or motions of a particular operation or skill

explicit memory/declarative memory

contains facts, concepts and ideas that have been consciously learnt and rehearsed. it divides into episodic memory and semantic memory

episodic memory

the part of explicit or declaratice memory that holds the details of events and expereiences of one’s life

semantic memory

the part of explicit or declarative memory that holds facts and concepts

memory encoding

where attended-to information is mentally converted into a representation that can be stored in the memory and retrieved later on

memory storage

where information mentally converted into a representation is held in the short or long-term memory

memory retrieval

where information held in the memory is retrieved and brought into consciousness

multi-store model

memory storage and recall are linear processes, involving, and sensory memory, the short-term memory and the longterm memory

working memory model

theoretical framework referring to the structures and processes used for temporarily storing and manipulating sensed information e.g. long term memory

sensory memory (SM)

recieves inputs from the environment. it processes attend-to inputs into the short-term memory (STM)

STM

this holds a limited amount of information reciveded from the SM, for a max of 30 seconds. that information needs to be atteended to in order to keep it longer within the entire memorz szstem

central executive (CE)

sensory memory component of the working memory model. it selects the sensory information that is picked up and passed on to the suitable parts of the three-component working STM system

phenological loop/articulatory loop

the part of the STM within the working memory model that processes auditory information. it consists of a short-term sound sotre with auditory memory traces that if left alone are quickly lost

visual-spatial sketchpad

the part of the STM within the working memory model that porcesses visual information

episodic buffer

the part of the STM within the working memory model that processes narrative type information

articulatory suppression

Participants are required to memorise and recall a random list of numbers of words, but at the same time have to constantly repeat a specified word while learning the list

top-down processing

the bringing of models, ideas, expectations and schemas to interpret new sensory information

stereotyping

a cognitive process where an unknown individual is perceived to have the characteristics commonly associated with the group they belong to

discimination

unjustifiably negative behaviour towarrd of an out-group

dual process model of thinking and decision-making

individuals bring two systems of thinking to decision-making, known as system-1 and system-2 thinking

system-1 thinking

the thinking is quick, automatic, involves little effort, and is more likely to be influenced by biases

system-2 thinking

the thinking involves patience, logic, effort, careful reasoning and application to the particular goal

heuristzis

mental short-cuts that may or may not be suitable bases for particular decisions, developed in the hippocampus and only then in the amygdala

independent measures design

where each participant in the sample is involved in either the control condition or in the test condition

validity of research

how accurately the study measure what it is designed to measure

reliability of research

the degree to which the study in repeated trials using the same methods, design and measurements produces the same results

false memory

recalling an event that never happened and believing it is true

confabualtion

where memories are sincerely believed and declared by the person to be true even though they are contradicted by evidence

reconstructive memory

where schemas, beliefs, imagination, and gaps in recollection combine to create an individual’s inaccurate recall of events

selective memory

the ability to retrieve certain facts and events but not others, depending on how easily the inputs coded into easily the inputs coded into memory fit into existing schemas

framing

a heauritic where decision-making is liable to be biased by the way the information is given or the request is made

availability heuristic

a person’s assessment of a situation being influenced by the amount of information instantly accessible, rather than on a balanced assessment of the situation

peak-end rule

a heuristic where a person’s recollection of an event is characterised by how it started, the best or worst thing that happened, and how it ended

endowment effect

heuristic where an idnividual is biased to overestimate the value of something simply because they own it

anchoring bias

heuritic where the individual relies on the first piece of information offered (the ‘anchor’) to make a deicion, irrespective of its accuracy and relevance

thin slicing

where judgements about the nature and quality of a human interaction are made on the basis of the expert viewing a very small part of the interaction

insula

the part of the brain where taste3 is sensed and integrated with the neural reward systems

transactional memory

where the human encoding, storage and recall on command is delegated to a digital device