Hormones regulating glucose

Insulin ("glucose in")

peptide hormone, produced by β-islets in pancreas

When is insulin released?

released when glucose is high

What does insulin promote?

promotes glucose uptake by most cells; promotes synthesis of glycogen and fats (from acetyl-CoA); protein synthesis at maximum; promotes glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver via fructose 2,6 bisphosphate (F2,6BP)

Glucagon "glucose gone"

peptide hormone, produced by α-islets in pancreas

When is glucagon released?

released when glucose is scarce

What does glucagon promote?

promotes: glucose release in liver (glycogen breakdown), release of fatty acids from adipose tissue, and protein breakdown; promotes gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis in liver (via F2,6BP)

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

catecholamine hormone (synthesized from tyrosine)

When is epinephrine (adrenaline) released?

released when glucose is needed in stress situations

What does epinephrine (adrenaline) promote?

promotes glycogen breakdown in muscles (also other whole-body effects / no need to know)