Ch `10 Memory Components, Forgetting, and Strategies

T/F: Declarative knowledge stored in long-term memory is easier to verbalize than procedural knowledge.

true

T/F: Experts use long-term working memory when they need access to a large amount of relevant knowledge while performing an activity.

True

T/F: In addition to Baddeley's three subsystems of working memory, researchers believe that there may be a fourth subsystem called the motor store.

true

T/F: Some learning theorists argue that the information in the semantic and episodic memory systems should be considered declarative knowledge.

true

T/F: Forgetting is usually due to a retrieval problem instead of the information no longer being stored in the person's memory

true

T/F: Highly skilled people are often unable to describe how they perform the skill at which they excel

true

T/F: When location and distance characteristics of limb positioning movements are compared in memory tests, distance characteristics are typically recalled with more accuracy

false

T/F: An experiment by Millslagle supported the benefit of the subjective organization in memory by showing that experienced basketball players performed better on a recognition test of structured plays they had previously seen than of unstructured plays

true

T/F: In an experiment, a participant experiences different arm positions once. The positions are not processed further or rehearsed. The expected duration of movement information in working memory is about 1-2 minutes

false

T/F: A recall test is an example of an implicit memory test

false

T/F: Telling a golf beginner to stop the backswing when the club is pointing at a certain clockface hour is an example of attaching a meaningful verbal label to a movement that must be remembered

true

T/F: Retention test performance in the incidental memory situation is typically better than if no previous experience with the test movements had occurred.

true

T/F: The encoding specificity principle predicts that practicing basketball free throws as they would be shot in an actual game increases the probability of successful free-throw shooting in a game

true

In 1890, William James used which two terms to distinguish between memory of recent events and memory for information stored permanently

primary memory and secondary memory

The Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory proposed that memory should be considered in terms of

structure and control processes

When participants in a memory experiment were given clockface labels to associate with curvilinear limb positioning movements, retention test results showed that the criterion positions were remembered with

no increase in error during a 60-sec retention interval

Which of the following describes why verbal labels and visual metaphoric imagery aid the learning of complex motor skills

They change an abstract array of movements to a more meaningful form.

In addition to serving as a short-term storage system, working memory also serves as a

temporary workspace

During a memory checkup, a doctor provides a patient with a verbal sequence of three commands. After five minutes, when asked to repeat the sequence, the patient cannot recall the commands. Subsequently, the doctor gives the patient a new sequence of three commands, having them perform each activity in the sequence. After another five minutes,the doctor asks the patient to recall the sequence, and this time, the patient can easily do so. What does this scenario exemplify

action advantage

If you are asked to demonstrate how you tie your shoes, you would base your demonstration on knowledge stored in long-term memory in the

procedural memory system

A basketball player is very nervous about her upcoming game and to try to calm her nerves is visualizing her previous game where she scored many points. What system of long-term memory is being accessed

episodic memory

In a memory experiment, a participant is asked to perform four movements. Subsequently, the participant performs four similar movements and then is asked to perform the original set of four movements again. Which of the following explains why the participant has trouble remembering the original four movements

retroactive interference

Research studies by Ste-Marie and colleagues have shown that gymnastics judges' scoring is often biased because of

proactive interference

when the context characteristics of the presentation and recall conditions in a memory test are considered, memory performance will

be better when two contexts are similar

The most commonly accepted reason why serial discrete motor skills seem to be forgotten more quickly than continuous motor skills is that serial discrete motor skills are

largely verbal

A yoga student is struggling with a certain pose. Which action should an instructor avoid while helping the student

directing the student to look at the location where the limbs should move