Biology and Chemistry Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts in biology and chemistry.

Cell Membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Nucleus

Contains DNA and controls the cell.

Mitochondria

Produce ATP (energy).

Ribosomes

Make proteins.

DNA

Genetic material storing instructions.

RNA

Carries genetic instructions for protein synthesis.

Replication

DNA copies itself.

Transcription

Process where DNA is converted to mRNA.

Translation

Process where mRNA is used to make protein.

Base Pairs in DNA

A-T and C-G.

Gene

Segment of DNA coding for a trait.

Genotype

Genetic makeup.

Phenotype

Physical expression of a trait.

Dominant Allele

Expressed if present.

Recessive Allele

Only expressed if two copies are present.

Punnett Square

Predicts inheritance patterns.

Carbohydrates

Function as quick energy sources.

Proteins

Provide structure and act as enzymes.

Lipids

Function as long-term energy storage.

Nucleic Acids

Store genetic information.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Bacteria

Living single-celled organisms.

Viruses

Require a host to reproduce.

Pathogen

Disease-causing organism.

Atom

Smallest unit of matter.

Proton Charge

Positive charge.

Electron Charge

Negative charge.

Neutron Charge

Neutral charge.

Element Identity

Determined by the number of protons.

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together.

Chemical Reaction

Process where reactants convert into products.

Catalyst

Substance that speeds up a reaction.

Reaction Rate Factors

Temperature, concentration, catalysts affect the rate.

Matter

Anything that has mass and volume.

States of Matter

Solid, liquid, gas.

Melting

Process where solid turns into liquid.

Evaporation

Process where liquid turns into gas.

Condensation

Process where gas turns into liquid.

Solution

Mixture of solute dissolved in solvent.

Solute

Substance that is dissolved.

Solvent

Substance that dissolves the solute.

pH

Measure of acidity.

Acid pH

Less than 7.

Base pH

Greater than 7.

Neutral pH

Exactly 7.

Diffusion

Movement from high to low concentration.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Scientific Method

Steps used to test a hypothesis.