AP Human Unit Vocab Study Resource With Examples (but only for the ones that actually need them not straight forward definitions).

Population distribution

the pattern of human settlement- the spread of people across the earth. Ex: How crowded, sparsely settled, or even empty.

population density

a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area. It measures how crowded a place is. Ex: A population of 100 insects that live in an area of 100 square meters has a density of 1 insect per square meter

social stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and or ethnicity. Ex: Cities are characterized by regions and neighborhoods where the local population shares a characteristic that distinguishes them from other neighborhoods.

Arithmetic Population Density

the most commonly used population density and is calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area. Ex: In 2019, the US had a population of approximately 328,239,523 in a total area of 3,841,999.

physcological population density

calculated by dividing the population by the amount of arable land. Ex: Recently had a physiological density of 8,078/sq. mile (3156/sq. kilometer0 compared to ab arithmetic density of 226/sq. mile (88/sq. kilometer).

Arable Land

land suitable for growing crops. Ex: Georgia has 9.9 million acres of land devoted to farms, with an average farm size of 235 acres.

Agricultural Population Density

compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land. This value gives an indication of the efficiency of the region's farmers.

infrastructure

facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their typical activities. Ex: transportation systems, communication networks, sewage, water, and school systems.

Carry Capacity

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment. Ex: China's carrying capacity is 1.66 billion people (assuming 500-550 kg/person/year).

Population Pyramids

a tool used to study populations, also known as age-sex composition graph.

Birth Deficit

the slowdown of births on population pyramid graphs. Ex: When China put out the One Child Policy They entered a birth deficit because they experienced a slowdown in births, which can be shown in the population pyramid graphs.

Baby Boom

A spike in the birth rate. Ex: After WWII, the US baby boom lasted from 1946 to 1965. They are usually associated with the end of the war...

Baby Bust

when a spike in birth rates starts to decline we enter this stage. Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates in the United States dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life. As such, the fertility rate dropped considerably, in contrast to the baby boom, in which fertility rates were quite high.

Echo

the birth bulge on a pyramid. As of 2015, children in HS were the last of cohorts, and their parents were the last baby boomers.

Dependent Population

people under the age of 15 or over the age of 64.

Dependency ratio

the comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population.

Crude Birth Rate

the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people.

crude death rate

the total number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people.d

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

the average number of children who would be born per woman between the ages of 15-49. Ex:

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

the number of children who die before their first birthday.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

the percentage of which a country's population is growing or declining without the impact of migration.

Population Doubling Time

the amount of time it takes for a population to double.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize.

Stage 1 of DTM: Low Growth

high stationary stage, only a few isolated groups are in this stage and they are typically subsistence farmers or hunters and gathers. The example is in the sentence look closely.

Stage 2 of DTM: High Growth

Niger represents this stage with an expansive population pyramid, one with a high birth rate which produces a wide base and a low life expectancy which leads to narrowing in the upper years. The example is in the sentence look closely.

Stage 3 of DTM: Moderate Growth

Turkey represents this urbanizing stage with a declining birth rate and a more slowly declining death rate. Society is young but the percentage of elderly is increasing as life expectancy goes up. The population is rapidly growing. The example is in the sentence look closely.

Stage 4 of DTM: Low Growth (Stationary)

This stage is known as the stationary population pyramid. It indicates a population that is not significantly growing or shrinking. The birth rate is low but steady. The death rate is also low, indicating a high life expectancy. Ex: China, US, etc.

Stage 5 of the DTM: Declining

This stage has a decreasing birth rate. The population is aging and declining slightly overall. Ex: Japan, Germany, etc.

Demographic Momentum

the tendency for a growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. Ex: For example, when China first introduced the one-child policy, population growth continued regardless.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

This model is an extension of the DTM and explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies.

(Stage 1) Diseases and famine

Affects the population by resulting in a high death rate and low life expectancy. Ex: Cholera, tuberculosis, pandemics, epidemics, animal attacks and accidents, and malnutrition.

(Stage 2) Receding pandemics

Effects the population by resulting in a decreasing death rate and increasing life expectancy due to advancements within society.

Stage 3: Degenerative and Human Created Diseases

Examples are heart diseases and types of cancer, Effects the population by resulting in the death rate stabilizing at a low level and life expectancy increases

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

An extension of stage 3, examples are Alzheimer's and dementia, Effects the population by resulting in death rates reaching lowest levels and life expectancy peaking

(Stage 5) Reemergence of infectious parasitic diseases

diseases increase as bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines, life expectancy decreases.

Malthusian Theory

an analysis of natural resource use, particularly agricultural output, and the growing population that concluded that society was on a path toward massive starvation

Neo-Malthusians

a group that argued that population growth is a serious problem currently and has an even greater threat to the future

Boserup Theory

suggests that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed. Also argued that population growth is a serious problem.

antinatalist policies

Government policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries. Ex: China's One-Child Policy

pronatalist policies

Government programs are designed to increase the fertility rate. Ex: When China eased the restrictions on the One Child Policy.

Migration

the permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another.

Push Factors

the reasons that people migrate to a specific location, these are typically negative circumstances, events or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave

Pull Factors

once migrants decide to leave, they usually choose a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances.

Immigrant

A person who migrates across an international border with the intention of staying permanently.

Emigrate

when people migrate away from somewhere. Ex: Leaving India for the US.

Migration Transition Model

created by Wilbur Zelinsky that argues that countries in stages 2 and 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding.

Intervening Obstacles

barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult. Ex: political, environmental, or physical barriers (walls and fences). Economic too.

Intervening Opportunities

opportunities migrates might encounter en route that disrupt their original migration plan.

Step Migration

when migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves. Ex: migration from a rural area to a city, then a larger city, then finally to a metropolis.

Rural-urban migration

The most typical kind of migration trend, up to 55% of people live in urban areas today. Ex: Economic Pull Factors.

Counter Migration

when migration flows produce a movement in the opposite direction.

Forced Migration

migration that is involuntary, meaning migrants have no choice but to move. Ex: Natural Disasters, wars, political persecution, or ethnic and cultural problems in their homelands. Ex: Syria Civil War.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

a term used to classify forced migrants who move to another part of the same country. Ex: Large group of IDPs are located in Columbia, Syria, DRC, and Yemen.

Refugees

a term used to classify forced migrants who move to across international borders. Ex: War and ethnic, tribal and religious violence, environmental disasters.

Asylum

some political refugees apply for this when they arrive in their country of destination.

Voluntary Migration

when people choose to relocate. Ex: Economic Pull Factors (better jobs).

Internal Migration

movement of people within a country. Ex: ATL to NYC.

Transnational Migration

when people move from one country to another or internationally, rather than internally.

Chain Migration

when people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country have previously settled which ultimately contributes to this type of migration.

Guest Workers

Migrants who travel internationally to find work as temporary laborers - typically for a short period of time because the jobs cannot be filled -by a country's own labor force. Ex: Countries in the Persian Gulf are notable for having large percentage of the total population made up of foreign migrants.

Transhumance

the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during difference seasons. Ex: Europe and Africa

Xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture. Ex: in the US, economic fears combined to prompt congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Remittances

money sent to migrants family and friends in the country they left.

Brain Drain

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people. Ex: students enter the US and Great Britain to study medicine, engineering, etc.

Ethic Enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group. Ex: "Little Italy" or "Chinatown".