Study Guide for Final Exam BSC 2085 Santa Fe college

anatomy

study of structure or form

physiology

study of function

levels of organization

cell

tissue

organ

organ systems

organism

What are the major body systems involved in maintaining homeostasis?

lungs, pancreas, kidneys and skin.

homeostasis

the ability to maintain a stable internal environment

negative feedback

the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate that change

example of negative feedback

sweating

positive feedback

the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that will amplify that change

example of positive feedback

childbirth and blood clotting

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right portions

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right portions

transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior portions

ventral

toward the front or belly

dorsal

toward the back or spine

anterior

toward the ventral (front) side

posterior

toward the dorsal (back) side

cephalic

toward the head/superior end

superior

above

inferior

below

medial

toward the median plane

lateral

away from the medial plane

proximal

closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on opposite sides of the body

superficial

closer to the surface of the body

deep

farther from the body surface

what are the four quadrants?

-RUQ

-RLQ

-LUQ

-LLQ

what structure separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

the diaphragm

thoracic cavity

contains the heart and lungs

pleural cavities

contain the lungs

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

pericardium

the two-layered SEROUS membrane that lines the heart

pleura

the SEROUS membrane that enfolds the lungs

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

composed of digestive organs, spleen, and kidneys

pelvic cavity

composed of bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

peritoneum

SEROUS membranes surrounding abdominal viscera

ion

an atom that has more or less electrons than protons, thus giving it a negative or positive charge

anion

a negatively charged ion

cation

a positively charged ion

what are the four types of bonds found in the body?

-hydrogen bonds

-ionic bonds

-polar covalent bonds

-nonpolar covalent bonds

ionic bonds

bond created when electrons are donated between atoms

examples of ionic bonds

NaCl

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

examples of polar covalent bonds

H2O

nonpolar covalent bond

strongest type of bond; equal sharing of electrons between atoms

example of hydrogen bond

H2O

hydrogen bond

WEAKEST type of bond formed with hydrogen atoms that can be broken easily

some examples of anions in the body

-oxide

-hydride

-chloride

some examples of cations in the body

-potassium

-sodium

-hydrogen

-calcium

-aluminium

example of nonpolar covalent bond

oils and fats (C-H) (C-C)

example of hydrogen bond

water

why is water a good solvent?

water is polar covalent because there is an unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms, making water easy to break up

combination reactions

synthesis reactions that always involve forming a bond (A + B -> AB)

decomposition reactions

reactions that involve breaking down compounds into smaller components (AB -> A + B)

exchange reactions

reactions involving bonds that are made and broken (AB + C -> AC + B)

monomer

subunits of polymers (glucose)

polymers

a substance made up of repetitive series of identical monomers (starch is made up of glucose)

carbohydrates

supplies a source of cellular fuel

what is the general chemical formula of a carbohydrate?

CH2O

what types of bonds are found in carbohydrates?

hydrogen and covalent bonds

are carbohydrates hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophilic

monosaccharide

composed of monomers

disaccharide

sugars composed of two monosaccharides

polysaccharide

long chains of monosaccharides

what is the storage form of glucose?

glycogen

where is glycogen stored?

liver and skeletal muscle

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

what is the structure of a triglyceride?

a molecule consisting of a three-carbon alcohol linked to three fatty acids

triglyceride

serve as energy storage, thermal insulation, bind organs together, and cushion organs

what is the structure of a phospholipid?

have polar and nonpolar ends

phospholipid

primary structural components of the plasma membrane

amino acids

the basic building blocks of proteins

what type of bonds unit amino acids?

peptide bonds

are proteins are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophilic

enzyme

a protein that acts as a biological catalyst

what are two factors that change the shape of an enzyme?

temperature and pH

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

what is ATP composed of?

-a nitrogen-containing base adenine

-the sugar ribose

-3 phosphate groups

what function does ATP play in cellular metabolism?

it is the energy source that drives cellular activity

where is ATP made?

mitochondria

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

nucleus

a large, membrane-bound structure that is often centrally located; contains DNA

plasma membrane

selectively-permeable boundary that separates the ICF and organelles from the ECF

mitochondria

the powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP

ribosomes

produce protein

golgi complex

makes, processes, and packages proteins; also synthesizes carbohydrates

endoplasmic reticulum

little network within the cytoplasm

lysosome

a package of enzymes enclosed in a membrane; produced by the golgi complex

nucleolus

dark-staining masses where ribosomes are produced

centriole

a short cylindrical assembly of nine triplets of microtubules; origin of the mitotic spindle

transcription

the process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA

translation

converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids

steps of mitosis

-prophase

-metaphase

-anaphase

-telophase

prophase

chromatin coils up to form distinct chromosomes; nuclear membrane disappears; centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, stringing microtubules between them

metaphase

chromosomes attach to spindle fibers and line up across the equator of the cell; organelles organized on the spindle fibers

anaphase

a copy of each chromosomes reach opposite poles is pulled to opposite ends of the cell

telophase

chromosomes reach opposite poles; chromosomes unravel and return to chromatin; spindle fibers disappear; nuclear membrane materializes