unit 4 - computer systems
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250 Terms
how many states can binary have
2
what are the boolean functions
AND
- OR
- NOT
- XOR
what is a truth table
shows all possible combinations of a boolean expression
in a truth table what represents false and what shows true
1 = true 0 = false
what is div
integer division
div symbol
/
what is mod
divides an integer and gives the remainder
what is the mod symbol
%
dyk COMBINED logic gates
yes
what is hardware
physical components of a computer system including cpu ram and input/output devices
types of hardware (generic)
- input devices
- output devices
- memory devices
what is software
programs that run on hardware to take inputs process data output information and store data
what is an operating system
a system software that manages hardware users and resources and provides a platform for applications
what is the operating system responsible for managing
processor
memory
input/output devices
applications
security
processor
what is system software
software that provides a platform for other software to run including operating systems and utility software
how can computers multitask
the processors have several cores
what decides which program will run on the process and how long for
OS
what are interrupts
signals sent to the cpu by external devices to indicate an event that needs immediate attention
what are the effects of interrupts on the cpu
tells cpu to suspend current activities and execute appropriate instrcutions
types of interrupts
hardware and software interrupts
what are hardware interrupts (include example)
sent from hardware devices like a printer out of paper
what are software interrupts
an interrupt generated by programs like a divide by zero error
what are peripheral devices
external devices connected to a computer such as keyboard mouse printer and display
give examples of peripheral devices
- mice
- keyboard
- printers
- displays
- digi cams
- graphics tablet
how do operating systems protect themselves from viruses
built-in security features, such as user access levels, memory management, and firewalls
utility software meaning
performs extra functionality and housekeeping tasks that keep computers running efficiently
utility software examples
encryption software
defragmentation software
data compression
disk clean up tools
disk formatters
anti virus software
disk defragmentation
when large files are saved may not fit on the disk in consecutive memory locations as a fragmented file. reorganises files so they're stored together
disk defragmentation rpso
- improve read times
- new free space made, making most of the storage
give 3 examples of input devices
keyboard mouse microphone
give 3 examples of input devices (less common)
graphics tablet webcam games controller
what is an output device
a device that receives data from a computer and presents it to the user
give 3 examples of application software
web browser email client photo editing software
give 3 more examples of application software
office software computer games music or video players
list 3 responsibilities of an operating system
processor management memory management input/output management
list 3 more responsibilities of an operating system
application management security management device management
give 3 examples of operating systems
windows linux mac os
give 3 more examples of operating systems
android chrome os ms dos
what is processor management
the os deciding which programs run on the cpu and how long they run for
what is a cpu core
an individual processing unit within a cpu that allows multitasking
why can modern cpus multitask
because they have multiple cores that can run tasks at the same time
what is an interrupt
a signal sent to the cpu to indicate an event that needs immediate attention
what happens when an interrupt occurs
the cpu pauses its current task and executes instructions to deal with the interrupt
what is a hardware interrupt
an interrupt sent by a hardware device such as a printer running out of paper
what is a software interrupt
an interrupt generated by a program such as a divide by zero error
what is memory management
the os managing where programs and data are stored in ram
why is memory management important
to prevent programs from overwriting each other’s data
what must happen before a program runs
it must be loaded from storage into main memory (ram)
what is input/output management
the os controlling communication between the computer and peripheral devices
what is a device driver
a program that allows the operating system to communicate with a specific hardware device
why are device drivers needed
because each hardware device requires specific instructions to operate
what is a print queue
temporary storage (buffer) where print jobs wait before being printed
why is a print queue needed
because computers send data faster than printers can print
what is application management
the os managing how applications are run and accessed
give examples of applications
word processors spreadsheets web browsers email clients
what is security management in an os
protecting data and managing access to systems and files
give 3 methods of os security
usernames and passwords access rights encryption
give 2 more methods of os security
memory protection security updates
what are access rights
permissions that control what users can view edit or delete
why are access rights important
to ensure users can only access appropriate files and data
what is utility software
software that performs maintenance and housekeeping tasks to keep a system running efficiently
give 4 examples of utility software
antivirus disk cleanup defragmentation data compression
what is encryption software
software that converts data into unreadable form to protect it
give 3 uses of encryption
protect hard disks encrypt files encrypt communication with websites
what does https indicate
that communication with a website is encrypted
what is disk fragmentation
when parts of a file are stored in non consecutive locations on a disk
why does fragmentation slow down performance
because the disk head must move to multiple locations to read a file
what is disk defragmentation
reorganising files so they are stored in contiguous blocks
what are the benefits of defragmentation
faster file access and improved system performance
what are the main components of a computer?
cpu, main memory (ram), secondary storage, input devices, output devices
what is an embedded system?
a computer built into another device to control it
what does the cpu do?
processes instructions and controls the operation of the computer
what cycle does the cpu use to process instructions?
fetch decode execute cycle
what happens in the fetch stage?
the next instruction is fetched from ram using the program counter
what happens in the decode stage?
the control unit interprets the instruction
what happens in the execute stage?
the instruction is carried out by the cpu and results are stored
what is von neumann architecture?
a system where data and instructions are stored in the same memory
what is the von neumann bottleneck?
a limitation in speed caused by data and instructions sharing the same bus
what are the three main parts of the cpu?
control unit alu registers
what does the control unit do?
decodes instructions and controls the timing and sequence of operations in the cpu
what does the alu do?
performs arithmetic and logic operations such as addition, subtraction and comparisons
what are registers?
small very fast memory locations inside the cpu
what does the program counter store?
the address of the next instruction
what does the memory address register store?
the address of data being accessed