Gastrointestinal and Renal Pathology

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering gastrointestinal disorders (liver, gallbladder, pancreas), obesity, and renal pathology based on lecture notes.

BMI for Obesity Classification

A BMI greater than $30$ is classified as obesity.

Bariatric Surgery Eligibility (Comorbidity)

Patients are eligible if they have a comorbidity and a BMI > 35.

Bariatric Surgery Eligibility (No Comorbidity)

Patients are eligible with no comorbidities if their BMI is > 40.

Sleeve gastrectomy

A restrictive bariatric surgery used to slim down the stomach.

Gastric bypass

A combination of restrictive and malabsorptive surgery that can lead to nutrient deficiencies such as osteopenia or osteoporosis.

Jaundice

A buildup of bilirubin causing yellowing of the face and mucous membranes, often resulting from liver failure, hemolysis, or bile duct blockage.

Cirrhosis

Chronic end-stage liver disease characterized by repeated cycles of inflammation and repair, leading to fibrosis (scarring), regenerative nodules, and disrupted normal architecture.

Asterixis

A hand-flapping tremor associated with hepatic encephalopathy caused by the buildup of ammonia and urea toxins.

Ascites

The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneum, often a complication of cirrhosis.

Spider angioma

Skin abnormalities caused by the liver's inability to process estrogen; it is normal to have one, but abnormal if large or many.

Portal Hypertension

Increased pressure within the portal venous system that can lead to internal hemorrhoids, esophageal varices, and caput medusa.

Caput medusa

Visible, dilated veins in the skin of the abdomen, associated with portal hypertension.

Cholelithiasis

The presence of gallstones, common in older populations and those with obesity; symptoms include colicky pain in the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) radiating to the right shoulder or back.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation or infection of the gallbladder, often caused by a gallstone in the cystic duct, characterized by colicky pain and a positive Murphy's sign.

Choledocholithiasis

An obstruction of the common bile duct that prevents drainage, causing a backup into the liver and jaundice.

Cholangitis

A constant infection that ascends the biliary duct, causing common bile duct inflammation, jaundice, pain, and potentially death.

TIPS Procedure

A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt created between the portal and hepatic veins.

Pancreatitits

Inflammation of the pancreas caused by gallstones or chronic alcohol consumption; clinical signs include epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and elevated levels of amylase and lipase.

Whipple procedure

A surgical treatment for pancreatic cancer involving the removal of the head of the pancreas, bile duct, and duodenum.

Erythropoietin

A hormone excreted by the kidney that regulates Red Blood Cell (RBC) production.

Renin

A substance excreted by the kidney to help regulate Blood Pressure (BP).

Ascending UTI

A urinary tract infection that travels through the urethra, commonly caused by E. coli bacteria.

Pyelonephritis

Infection of the kidney that can be acute, presenting with costovertebral angle tenderness, or chronic, leading to renal insufficiency.

Calcium oxalate stones

The most common type of renal calculi, accounting for $75\%$ of cases.

Struvite stones

A type of renal calculi (kidney stone) associated with infection, accounting for $15\%$ of cases.

Polycystic Renal Disease

An inherited condition (autosomal dominant or recessive) where fluid-filled cysts form in the kidney, often requiring dialysis or transplant.

Horseshoe kidney

A congenital condition where the kidneys are fused together.

Azotemia

The presence of noticeable nitrogen in the blood, often occurring in Stage 4 of Chronic Kidney Disease.

CKD Stage 5 (End Stage Renal Disease)

The final stage of chronic kidney disease where the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is less than $15$, requiring dialysis or transplant.

Renal Cell Carcinoma

The most common kidney neoplasm in older men; risk factors include smoking, and it can metastasize to the lungs and sternum.

Wilms Tumor

A kidney malignancy found in infants and children (usually females aged 2-5) that has a $90\%$ survival rate.

Stress Incontinence

Involuntary leakage of urine during activities like coughing or sneezing due to pelvic floor muscle weakness.

Functional Incontinence

Incontinence caused by physical or cognitive impairments, such as dementia or being in a wheelchair, that make it difficult to reach the toilet.

Urge Incontinence

Involuntary leakage associated with an overactive detrusor muscle, often seen in neurologic conditions like Multiple Sclerosis.