Plant Biology: Leaf Structure and Physiological Processes

Vocabulary flashcards covering the morphology of leaves, growth patterns, and physiological processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and water regulation.

Leaf ($\text{List}$)

An above-ground, vegetative, and assimilatory organ of plants whose primary functions include photosynthesis, respiration ($\text{dýchání}$), water evaporation ($\text{odpar vody}$), and guttation ($\text{gutace}$).

Cotyledons ($\text{Děložní listy}$)

The first leaves of a plant, which have a different shape than normal leaves; they are categorized as multicotyledonous (e.g., spruce), dicotyledonous (e.g., bean), or monocotyledonous (e.g., grain).

Assimilatory leaves ($\text{Asimilační listy}$)

Typical leaves consisting of three main parts: the blade ($\text{čepel}$), the petiole ($\text{řapík}$), and the base ($\text{báze}$).

Blade ($\text{Čepel}$)

The flat part of the leaf containing green cells and venation ($\text{žilnatina}$); it can be monofacial (same color on both sides) or difacial (different colors on each side).

Petiole ($\text{Řapík}$)

The structural part that connects the leaf blade to the stem, containing the supporting tissue known as collenchyma ($\text{kolenchym}$).

Evergreens ($\text{Vždy zelené rostliny}$)

Plants with leaves that have a lifespan of approximately $10$ years, such as the spruce ($\text{smrk}$).

Internal factors of Photosynthesis

Factors inherent to the plant that influence the process, including species ($\text{druh}$), age ($\text{stáří}$), and variety ($\text{odrůda}$).

External factors of Photosynthesis

Environmental factors affecting the process, specifically light ($\text{světlo}$), temperature ($\text{teplota}$), and water ($\text{voda}$).

Respiration ($\text{Dýchání}$)

A process occurring in the whole body of the plant during both day and night, which can be aerobic ($\text{aerobní}$) or anaerobic ($\text{anaerobní}$).

Guttation ($\text{Gutace}$)

The excretion of water in liquid form that takes place through specialized structures called hydathodes ($\text{hydatody}$).

Water balance ($\text{Vodní bilance}$)

The relationship between the amount of water a plant takes in and the amount of water it gives out.

Wilting ($\text{Vadnutí}$)

A life-threatening state for a plant resulting from a disrupted water balance.

Transpiration ($\text{Transpirace}$)

The evaporation of water from a plant, categorized as physical ($\text{fyzikální}$) or biological ($\text{biologická}$), which serves the purpose of cooling the plant.

Cuticular transpiration

A type of biological transpiration that occurs through the plant's cuticle ($\text{kutikula}$).