Lecture 18 Vocab

charophytes

clade of multicellular green algae that includes the land plants

embryophyte aka land plant

archaeplastida, which are defined by plastids that arose by primary endosymbiosis

phragmoplast

microtubules that run between daughter cell nuclei during mitosis

sporopollenin

helps protect zygotes from dessication,

cuticle

a layer of waxy lipids covers the plant body, it reduces water loss by ecaporation

stoma/ stomata

small openings in leaves and stems used to regulate gas enchange and evaporation of water (present in all land plants except liverworts)

apical meristem

growth zone that allow a plant to grow up towards the sky (light and CO2 ) and down towards the soil (spread water and nutrients)

gametangia

develop on the gametophytes, each gametangium contains sperm (antheridia) or eggs (archegonia)

arcahegonium

female gametangium that produces eggs in plants.

antheridium

male gametangium that produces sperm in plants.

sporangia

structures that produce and contain spores

vascular tissue

tissue responsible for the transport of water, nutrients, and food in vascular plants.

can be single strand microphylls or branched system megaphylls

xylem

conducts water and minerals from soil up to the rest of the palnt

tracheid

one of the cell types that is part of the zylem. ling, hollow, tube like cells, 425mya,

have lignin in their cell walls; this milecule is hydrophobic

phloem

conducts products of photosynthesis thorughout the palnt

rhizoids

rootlike filaments that anchor gametophytes to the ground

peat

moss compressed into lower layers that are decomposed, which forms a dense, water-saturated material used as a fuel source and in gardening.

hepatophyta

a division of non-vascular plants commonly known as liverworts, which are characterized by their flattened thallus and small leaves.

anthocerphyta

a division of non-vascular plants known as hornworts, which have a distinctive horn-like sporophyte emerging from the thallus.

gemmae

lens shaped climps of cells in cupsl raindrops striking the cup disperse the gemmae (liverworts)

thalloid

leaflike sheets that lay on the soil surface (liverworts)

lignin

a complex organic polymer found in the cell walls of plants, providing rigidity and strength.

rhizomes

underground stems that produce roots and shoots, allowing for vegetative reproduction in plants.

roots

complex organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil and anchor vascular plants in the soilfound in vascular plants, essential for nutrient uptake and stability.

leaf: microphyll

single strand of vascular tissue

leaf: megaphyll

have a branched system of vascular tissue that

sporophyll

modified leaf of a sporophyte that bears the sporangia, allows vascular plants to produce many more spores than could nonvascular plants

homosporous

producing spores of one type, leading to gametophytes that are typically bisexual.

heterosporous

producing two distinct types of spores, leading to the formation of separate male and female gametophytes.

megaspore

the larger type of spore produced by heterosporous plants, which develops into a female gametophyte.

produced in megasporangia

microspore

a smaller spore that develops into a male gametophyte in heterosporous plants.

produced by microsporangium

megagametophyte

the female gametophyte that develops from a megaspore in heterosporous plants.

produce onyl eggs

microgametophyte

the male gametophyte that develops from a microspore in heterosporous plants.

produce only sperm

lycophyte

a group of vascular plants that includes clubmosses, spike mosses, and quillworts, known for their microphyll leaves and distinct reproduction through spores.

monilophyte

a group of vascular plants that includes ferns and their relatives, characterized by large megaphyll leaves and reproduction through spores.

strobilus/ strobili

a reproductive structure that produces spores, typically found in certain vascular plants like lycophytes and gymnosperms.

strobili is a cluster of sporophylls

ferns

a group of monilophytes characterized by large, divided leaves and reproduction via spores, commonly found in moist, shady environments.

horsetails

a group of monilophytes known for their jointed stems, whorled leaves, and reproduction via spores, often found in wetland habitats.

whisk ferns

a group of vascular plants that lack true leaves and roots, characterized by their jointed stems and reproduce via spores.

elater

A structure in some spore-producing plants, such as liverworts and horsetails, that aids in the dispersal of spores by contracting and expanding with changes in humidity.

protonema/ protonemata

The early stage of moss development, consisting of a filamentous structure that arises from a germinating spore, ultimately leading to the formation of the mature moss gametophyte.