Health Systems and Primary Health Care Practice Flashcards

These flashcards cover the definitions, history, principles, and strategic variations of Primary Health Care (PHC) as presented in the KMU MPH lecture notes.

Primary Health Care (PHC - WHO 2019)

A whole-of-society approach to health that aims to ensure the highest possible level of health and well-being and their equitable distribution.

Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978)

A landmark document defining PHC as essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods made universally accessible at an affordable cost.

Equity (PHC Principle)

The principle that health is a human right and services must be accessible to all regardless of ability to pay, geography, gender, or ethnicity.

Community Participation (PHC Principle)

A bottom-up approach where communities are actively involved in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of health services.

Intersectoral Collaboration (PHC Principle)

The recognition that health sector must work with other sectors like education, agriculture, water, sanitation, and the economy.

Appropriate Technology (PHC Principle)

Technology that is scientifically sound, culturally acceptable, affordable, and locally maintainable within its specific context.

Astana Declaration (2018)

A global conference outcome that reaffirmed PHC as the cornerstone of sustainable health systems and linked it to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Universal Health Coverage (UHC)

Ensuring all people have access to promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative health services without financial hardship.

UHC Service Coverage Index

A tool that monitors $16$ essential service indicators across four domains of health services.

Primary Care

Clinical services provided at the first point of contact with the health system, focusing on individual patient diagnosis and treatment.

Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC)

PHC as originally envisioned at Alma-Ata, addressing the full spectrum of determinants of health through broad, integrated, and community-driven approaches.

Selective Primary Health Care (SPHC)

A targeted approach proposed by Walsh and Warren in $1979$ that focuses on a limited set of cost-effective interventions for high-burden diseases.

GOBI-FFF

A SPHC framework encompassing Growth monitoring, Oral rehydration, Breastfeeding, Immunisation, Female education, Family planning, and Food supplementation.

DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year)

A metric introduced by the World Bank in $1993$ to perform cost-effectiveness analysis and justify health investment selectivity.

8 Essential Elements of Alma-Ata

Health education, Nutrition, Water/Sanitation, MCH/FP, Immunisation, Endemic disease control, Treatment of illness, and Essential medicines.

Lady Health Worker (LHW) Programme

A Pakistani CPHC model established in $1994$ with over $100,000$ workers covering approximately $70\%$ of the rural population.

DOTS (Directly Observed Therapy)

A standardized $6$-month regimen for Tuberculosis used as an example of a vertical SPHC program.

PEPFAR

A vertical SPHC program established by the US in $2003$ for HIV/AIDS ART scale-up in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Structure (SPO Framework)

Input indicators such as physical infrastructure, staffing ratios, funding levels, and essential medicines availability.

Process (SPO Framework)

Activity indicators such as utilization rates, vaccination coverage, ANC visits, and referral completion rates.

Outcome (SPO Framework)

Health status markers such as Under-$5$ mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, disease prevalence, and patient satisfaction.

WHO 6 Building Blocks (6 S)

Service delivery, Health Workforce, Health Information, Medical Products/Technologies, Financing, and Leadership/Governance.

SDG 3.8

The UN Sustainable Development Goal target aiming to achieve Universal Health Coverage by $2030$.

DHIS-2

The District Health Information System-$2$, used for routine health information and community surveillance tracking.