human geo 3

acculturation

the process of which people within one culture adopt traits of another, while still retaining features from their original culture

adherent

a person who is loyal to a belief, religion, or organization

animism

the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, natural phenomena, etc

artifacts

a visible object or technology that a culture creates

assimilation

an interaction of two cultures resulting in one of them adopting almost all of the customs, traditions, languages, etc of the other

buddhism

the oldest universalizing religion, arose in a northeastern India hearth

centrifugal forces

a force that divides a group of people

centripetal forces

a force that unites a group of people

christianity

a universalizing religion based on the teachings of jesus christ

collectivist cultures

a culture in which people are expected to conform to collective responsibility within the family and to be obedient/respectful to elders

contagious diffusion

the process by which an idea or cultural trait spreads rapidly among people of all social classes and levels of power

creole

the blending of two or more languages to create one normalized one

cultural appropriation

the act of adopting elements of another culture

cultural convergence

the process by which cultures become more similar through interaction

cultural divergence

the process by which cultures become less similar due to conflicting beliefs/barriers

cultural hearth

an area where cultural traits develop originally

cultural landscape

a natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values

cultural relativism

the evaluation of a culture by its own standards

cultural norms

a shared standard or pattern that guides the behavior of a group of people

cultural trait

a shared object or cultural practice

culture

beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies shared by a society and passed down from generation to generation

denomination

a separate church organization that unites a number of local congregations

dialect

a variation of a standard language specific to a general area differences in pronunciation, degree of rapidity, word choice, and spelling

diffusion

the process by which a cultural trait spreads from one place to another over time

endangered language

a language at risk of disappearing, often because it is no longer being taught to children and is being replaced by more dominant languages due to globalization, urbanization, and social pressures

ethnic neighborhoods (enclave)

a cultural landscape within a community of people outside of their area of origin

ethnic religion

a religion that is closely tied with a particular ethnic group often living in a particular place

ethnicity

the state belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics

ethnocentrism

the tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to ideas originating from their own culture

expansion diffusion

the spread of a cultural trait outward from where it originated

extinct language

a language with no living native speakers

gender identity

an individuals innermost concept of self as male, female, blend, or neither

gendered spaces

a space designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles

hierarchical diffusion

the spread of an idea/trait from a person or place of power/authority to other people/places

hinduism

an ethnic religion that comes from south asia and closely tied to india as their hearth

indo-european famly

the largest language family, encompassing most major languages in europe, iranian plateau, and south asia

indigenous

original inhabitants of a region who maintain distinct cultural practices, languages, and a deep connection to their ancestral lands

islam

a universalizing religion based on the teachings of muhammad that originated in the hearth of mecca

isogloss

a line on a map marking the limits of a dialect or a particular features

isolated language

a natural language with no known genealogical relationship to any other language, forming a language family of its own

judaism

the world’s first monotheistic religion, hearth of southwest asia

language

a distinct system of communication that is the carrier of human thoughts and cultural identities

language branch

a collection of languages within a language family that share a common origin and separated from other branches in the same family

language family

a group of languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth/region of origin

language group

languages within a language branch that share a common ancestor in the relatively recent past, with high degree of overlap

lingua franca

common language used among speakers of different languages, usually used for trade

mentifacts

a central, enduring element of a culture that reflects its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs

monotheism

belief in a single god

multiculturalism

a situation in which different cultures live together without assimilating

official language

the language accepted by a country’s government for official purposes

pidgin language

a simplified form of a contact language that develops between groups of people who do not share a common language

pilgrimage

a journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons

placelessness

the loss of a place’s unique character and erosion of local identity

polytheism

the belief in more than one god

popular/universalizing culture

widely accepted ideas, practices, and/or products like music, fashion and entertainment which are globally spread through media and technology

postmodern architecture

a building style that emerged as a reaction to “modern” designs, values diversity

religion

a system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values

religious branch

a major subgroup with a shared name and tradition

safe spaces

a space of acceptance for people who are marginalized by society

sect

relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination

secularism

the separation of religion from public life, including government, education, and civil affairs

sense of place

the subjective feelings and memories people associate with a geographic place

sequent occupance

successive societies leaving behind their cultural imprint, collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region

sikhism

the newest universalizing religion; with a hearth of northwestern india in the punjab region

sino-tibetan family

second largest language family in the world

sociofacts

a structure or organization of a culture that influences social behavior

standard language

a variety of language used for official purposes like government, education, and mass media, often based of a specific dialect and considered the most prestigious form

stimulus diffusion

the process by which a cultural trait or idea spreads to another culture/region but is modified to adapt the new culture

syncretism

the process of innovation combining different cultural features into something new

taboo

a strong social prohibition on a particular behavior, word, or practice that is considered forbidden, offensive, or sacred

third place

a communal space that is separate from home (first place) or work (second place)

tradition

the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way

traditional architecture

an established building style of different cultures, religions, and places

traditional/indigenous culture

the long-established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation