PChem II Final

Combustion reactions are examples of ______ processes

exothermic

The decomposition of stable compounds tends to be an ______ process

endothermic

Does it take energy to break chemical bonds?

Yes

Is energy released when a chemical bond is broken?

No

Does it take energy to form a chemical bond between two atoms?

No

Is energy released when a chemical bond is formed?

Yes

Where does bond formation lie on the potential energy graph

the minimum

Potential Energy is transformed into _____ energy when a bond is formed

kinetic

Are A-A bonds or A-B bonds stronger?

A-B bonds

How do you calculate ΔHrxn

Bonds broken-bonds formed

The more oxygen required during combustion of burning fuel the ____ energy will be released

more

predicting whether a chemical reaction will be product-favored or reactant-favored is

reaction directionality

Reaction directionality is affected by

potential energy and number of configurations

The most favored state will have

Lower potential energy and higher number of configurations

Potential energy is a _____ factor

energetic

Number of configurations is an ______ factor

entropic

A molecule is more energetically stable if it has a _____ potential energy

lower

Lower potential energy is correlated with _____ distances

shorter

Lower potential energy is correlated with _____ attractions

stronger

Compounds with strong bonds are ____ energetically stable

more

longer bonds are _____ than shorter bonds

weaker

______ center’s are negative with high electron density

nucleophilic

______ center’s are positive or have a low electron density

electrophillic

species that have a pair of electrons that can be shared to form a new chemical bond

nucleophiles

species that are capable of accepting the pair of electrons from the nucleophile

electrophiles

If a species is negative it is a

nucleophile

If a species is positive it is an

electrophile

The _____ moves closer and attacks the _____

nucleophile, electrophile

Negative charges, lone pairs, and pi bonds are all features of

nucleophiles

carbocation, electronegative atoms, and carbonyls are all features of

electrophiles

nucleophile

nucleophile

what is the nucleophilic center

carbon

where is the nucleophilic center

pi bond

where is the electrophilic center

carbon attached to Cl

where is the electrophilic center

carbon attachted to O

where is the electrophilic center

center carbon

an arrow origination on a lone pair is a

bond forming reaction

an arrow originating from a bond is a

bond breaking reaction

compounds with the same formula but different structures

isomers

carbons with four different groups attached to them are

chiral centers

all amino acids except _____ are chiral

glycine

equal mixtures of enantiomers

racemic mixture

in a racemic mixture often only one enantiomer is _____; the other one can be ______

clinically active, inert

an example of harmful racemic mixtures where one enantiomer is dangerous would be

thalidomide

a molecule wit hthe same molecular formula but different connectivity is a

consituational isomer

C4H10 and CH3CH2CH2CH3 are examples of

constitutional isomers

the _____ the number of carbons the ____ the number of isomers

greater,greater

a _____ temperature is required to boil the less branches molecules

higher

Cis isomers will have a _____ boiling point than trans isomers

greater

fats without a bend

trans

fats with a bend

cis

double bonds are stiffer so they are

flat

reaction where we are adding something to a molecule

addition reaction

a reaction where we are swapping out a functional group from a molecule

substitution reaction

in an alkene addition reaction, X and Y have _____ electronegativity

different

ketone

aldehyde

carboxylic acid

amide

ether

amine

phenyl

alcohol

alcohol

amine

aldehyde

ketone

carboxylic acid

amide

ester

the less stable the _____ reactive the compound will be

more

the most likely location to add an electronegative ion will be the more _____ carbon

subsituted

the double bond usually _____ during an addition reaction

breaks

the atom within a molecule bonded to the highest number of other carbon atoms rather than hydrogens

most substituted carbon

a two-step subsitution reaction where a leaving group departs before the nucleophile attacks, forming a carbocation intermediate

SN1 reaction

a one step subsitution reaction where a nucleophile attacks a substrate and a leaving group departs

SN2

the bulkier the electrophile the _____ for the nucleophile to attack

harder

if there are fewer R groups there are on the carbon that you need to bond to, the reaction will be

SN2

if there are more R groups that are in the way of the carbon, the reaction will be

SN1

the chirality of an electrophile is inverted in a ____ reaction

SN2

both the left handed and right handed product are created in ____ reactions

SN1

rate law for SN2 reactions

k[Nu][R-LG]

rate law for SN1 reactions

k[R-LG]

SN2 reactions are ___ order

2nd

SN1 is ___ order

1st

a sample containing equal amounts of left handed and right handed ciral molecules

racemic mixture

which reaction results in racemization?

SN1

the slowing or prevention of reactions caused by the physical bulk of atoms or groups within a molecule

steric hinderance

in the context of SN2 reactions, _____ reactions will go quicker because of steric hinderance

primary

in the context of SN1 reactions, ______ reactions will go quicker

tertiary