Soc Psych Exam 2

Agression

Behavior intended to injure another

Goals of Agression

Cope with feelings of annoyance, gain mterial and social rewards, increase social status, protect self/others

emotional agression

caused by angry feelings

instrumental agression

goal is to accomplish another goal

indirect agression

behind someone’s back

direct agression

face to face contact

original frustration agression hupothesis

Frustration ( and only frustration) → aggression (All forms)

doesn’t explain instrumental aggression

new frustration aggression hypothesis

frustration, unpleasant arousal, pain, etc → negative feelings → emotional aggression

put hands in cold painful water vs RT water

cold water is more aggressive towards others

excitation transfer theory

any form of arousal and annoyance → aggression

cognitive-neo association theory

fight or flight

unplesant exp →neg feelings → angry (Fight) or fearful (flight) thoughts

weapons effect

not annoyed → weapons have no effect

annoyed → weapons increase shock %

social learning theory of aggression

aggression is learned through 1. direct rewards and 2. observing others rewarded

bandura bobo doll experiments

any form of aggression exposure increases aggression (boys esp)

media effect

Correlationally, watching violent TV = more agressive

Agression to Gain/maintain social status

Sexual selection (evolutionary perspective)

culture of honor (sociocultural perspective)

Prosocial behavior

voluntary helping of others

Social Responsibility Norm

Social expectation that individuals should help those that depend on them

helping decision

potential to help + info about helping required

Bystander efffect

ess likely to offer help when in large group

Diffusion of responsibility

less likely to help when think others will step in

Pluralistic ignorance

think no need to act when see nobody else concerned

(Smoke Study)

Smoke study

pluralistic ignorance (calm confederates) + bystander effect.

normative influence on bystanders

looking at others behavior with goal of social approval/fitting in. not wanting ot overstep

helping models

copy helping behavior

population density and helping

density decreases helping due to diffusion of responsibility

men and women helping

men = emergency/physical

women = emotional support and longerm

Inclusive fitness (helping)

survival of genes in offspring + relatives

reciprocal aid

for non relatives, help because anticipate being helped (gain material benefits)

Social learning perspective on helping

Instilled beliefs (increase sharing when praised)

sense of we (fam in home)

cultural diff (collectivist no invite to home) (indv help strangers more)

Evolutionary persp on helping

help when similar (genetic) or familiar

helping to manage self image

1. enhance self image and 2. verify self image as helpful

labeling

helping increases ability to label as helpful

2 biggest reasons for helping

personal norms and religious codes

self focus only leads to higher helping IF

small personal prob, prominent and legit need, internal value of helping

arousal-cost reward model of helping (emergency)

help more if negative emotional arousal + 1. low cost 2. high reward 3. we connection

helping is egotistically motivated (to resolve our negative arousal)

mood management hypothesis/negative state relief model (non-emergency)

people use helping to manage mood. (sad will help more to reduce sadness)

mood management study

happy/neutral/sad students

donate to nonprofit sm/lg impact

high/low helping cost

→ happy volunteer more regardless of cost

→ sad help most when low cost and high benefit (more choosy)

PDS goal = mental efficiency

cognitive processes

PDS goal = managing self image

personality processes

PDS goal = support and protect one’s group

intergroup processes

social cognitive theory

social categorization decreases mental effort → oversimplified stereotypes

authoritarian personality theory

tendency to submit to those with more authority, denigrate those with less

authoritarian personality theory

1. internal psychological conflicts displaced onto weak targets

2. social learning processes: learn to be authoritative from parents

realistic group conflict theory

competition between groups for desired reosurces → negative intergroup attitudes

robbers cave experiment (summer camp boys)

realistic group conflict theory

minimal intergroup paradigm

exp procedure where form short term arbitrary artifical groups and still → ingroup bias

(allocate points to maximize ingroup gain)

social identity theory

self image desire → more ingroup bias.

ingroup identification → ingroup bias

social dominance theory

societies tend to form social hierarchies

social dominance orientation

desire to maintain hierarchy (can → prejudice)

prejudice

a general FEELING towards members of a social group

Stereotyping

a general BELIEF about members of a group

Discrimination

BEHAVIORS directed towards people on basis of group membership

aversive racism

consciously endorse egalitarian principles + UNCONSCIOUS biases towards minority groups

→ avoidance, not intentional hostility

Increase with ambiguity

stereotype threat

fear of confirming negative stereotypes held by others about my group

race and (non)diagnostic tests

stereotype threat: diagonostic = (high threat) and leads to B do worse, W do better. Ask race (threat) or not before test

group

2+ people who influence each other

more ‘grouplike’ group

interdependent, share common identity, have group structure

deindividuation

process of losing one’s sense of personal identity, which makes it easier to behave in ways inconsistent with one’s normal values

deindividuation is a result of

1. anonymity and decreased accountability

2. distraction of attention away from self/values (mirror)

halloween study

deindividuation. name tags decrease anonymity and stealing

social facilitation

presence of others increasex perfomance on well-mastered simple tasks and hinders performance on unmastered complex tasks

(others → arousal → DOMINANT response)

social loafing

decrease efforts when in a group (deindividuation and diffusion of responsibility)

decrease social loafing by

make meaningful tasks, identifiable personal efforts, increase group cohesion, collectivist members

social compensation

work harder in collective setting to compensate for others in group

social compensation is a result of

belief coworkers perform inadequately

believe quality of group product is important

social impact theory

total impact of other people on an individual depends on characteristics of obervers

1. number of observers

2. strength: importance of ppl

3. immediacy: closeness of observers

heterogeneous groups and productivity

better at task where only 1 person needs to be right, or need innovative solutions

group polarization

when group discussion leads members to make decisions more like-mindedly

group polarizaion result of

persuasive arguments and social comparison

minority influnce

when people holding minority opinions persuade others of their views

minority influcne stronger when

hold steady views, once heald majority view, can compromise, presenve views as compatible, have some support from others, group values accuracy

groupthink

style of group decision making that occurs when gorups want to get along more than reach right result

increases likelihood of poor decision making

social identity maintenance model leads to group think and poor decision making when

1. goal to maintain group image

2. group image is threatened (care more about image than outcome)

passion

physiological arousal and longing to be together

intimacy

feelings promoting close bonds, including mutual sharing and emotional support

decision/commitment

long term commitment, saying I love you

factor analysis

sorting common words

companionate love

affection/tenderness for those w/whom you are deeply entwined

maternal, paternal, familial, brotherly love

passionate love

intense longing for union

romantic, puppy love

murturant love

care for children

attachment love

desire to be cared for

sociosexual orientation

preference by unrestricted sex (without love needed) or restricted sex (relationships with love only)

(higher in men)

evolutionary theory

sexual strategies of our ancestors evolved because they permitted survival and reproduction

sexual selection

evolution of characteristics that confer a reproductive advantage

parental investment

determines 2 different processes of sexual selection

preferential mate choice

(F) the sex that invest more in offspring will be more choosy in choosing a mate

intrasexual competition

(M) the sex that invests less in offspring will be more competitive with members of same sex for sexual access to hihg-investing sex

family bonds: need to belong

need to form and maintain strong stable interpersonal relationships

parallels between parent-infant and adult relationships

secure base, attachments to only 1 primary person, attachment style

two factor theory of love

physiological arousal + label as love (situation dependent. make any arousal feel like love)

secure attachment

easily expect affection without fear of abandonment. insightful, not self enhancing, comfortable

anxious attachment

upset at separation and worried about abandonment. emotional rollercoster, demands of partner, snooping, see partner as less caring

avoidant attachment

detached and defensive. uncomfortable with vulnerability, less supportive, focus on differences

exchange/communal orientation

exchange = transactional. communal =pay more attention to partners needs

cheating and sex differences

women more hurt by emotional cheating, men by physical cheating

what women value in mates

status, good looking, older

what men value in mates

across the board, younger women

monogamy

most marriages 1+1

polyandry

women with multiple husbands