Langauge Disorders - Final

about what % of children with LI may be diagnosed with RD?

40-65%

T/F kids with LI are 4-5x more likely to have reading disorders than TD peers

true

what are early difficulties with reading associated with?

Poor PA

which of the following is a component critical to early literacy success

1. segmenting words into sounds

2. delete/manipulate phonemes

3. rhyming

1. segmenting words into sounds

PA skills begin in the ________________ domain

oral!

what are the 3 ways of teaching PA?

1. teach dont test

2. plan strategic instruction (step by step)

3. scaffold success (by order of presentation, cues and supports)

Explain what "teach don't test" means

i do - we do - you do

teach what you're looking for instead of asking questions and "testing" them

After oral PA skills students must learn the _______ ___________

alphabetic principle

word knowledge for literacy depends on __________________ to understand they're their and there etc

morphology and semantics

what are the 3 possible spelling errors

1. phonological errors - omissions, additions, substitutions

2. orthographic errors - decodable but differences in phonics pattern

2. morphological errors- lack of knowledge of grammatical or derivational morphemes

If you wanted to teach spelling with a multi linguistic approach, what kinds of things would be taught?

-phonological knowledge

-orthographic patterns

morphology

-semantic knowledge

-mental graphic representations

when students are learning spelling should they look for patterns or memorize lists?

look for patterns!

what should goals and strategies for writing focus on?

students greatest area of need (phonemic awareness, orthography, semantics)

- writing and revisions are functional goals as well

what are the 4 categories that make up purpose?

1. skills

2. motivation

3. strategies

4. conditions

there are 6 major things to think about when planning good intervention, what are they?

1. ZPD

2. priority needs

3. ways the SLP can be most impactful

4. meaningful and measurable goals

5. using EBP with the right dosage (not just frequency and time)

6. make it curriculum based and authentic

What do smart goals stand for?

if you dont know this i cant help u

what in the heck is positive behavioral support?

emphasizes functional skill development and praise

-engineer environment to avoid problem behaviors in the first place

-functional behavior assessment to answer why and when

-functional communication training (FCT): replace challenging behaviors with socially appropriate and functional communication tasks

what are social stories

Explain social situations and concepts, and the expected behaviors of the people involved, in a format understandable to an individual with ASD.

what do think aloud strategies help with?

-reading comprehension (pre reading, during reading, post reading)

-metacognition for self regulation, comprehension monitoring

-classroom discourse

-perspective taking

asking questions to elicit inferencing during the reading helps to improve _______________--

comprehension

what is sentence deconstructing?

-parts of speech

-clausal types

-who + did what + when/where/how

what is sentence contruction

-sentence combining

-sentence completion

-generation of a sentence with a given word

what is an example of scaffolding or providing external support to help students learn about words/stories?

graphic organizers

there are 6 intervention guidelines for vocabulary (word) learning, what are they?

1. increase amount of exposure

2. multi-modality input

3. production prompting

4. increase quality of interaction/engagement or selective attention

5. pre teach (priming)

6. create key associations to prior knowledge

in school over __________ word forms are needed to cover 95% of a written academic text for good reading and comprehension

5,000

Beck et al., (2013) lists the steps to involve children in their own learning and to use contextualized intervention which include

1. choose words to highlight

2. provide child friendly explanations

3. prompt imitation

4. discuss real world examples, plan activities with active participation

what are tier 1 2 and 3 words?

1: everyday common words

2: academic a bit more complicated

3. technical very specific

what are difficulties with retrieval often related to?

under elaborated word storage (knowing less about the word)

Storage elaboration hypothesis

children with SLI not only have smaller lexicons relative to their chronological age-mate peers, but the words that are known are stored with insufficient deta

(whatever the heck that means)

what are some retrieval strategies and cues?

-additional time

-repetition

-question prompts

-semantic cues (goes with __)

-sentence completion

-phonological cue

multiple choice

what are the 5 pillars of literacy?

Phonemic awareness

phonics,

fluency,

vocabulary,

comprehension.

what does reading comprehension allow children to do?

learn independently

-academic success

-career success

-civic responsibilities

-enjoyment of literature

what is the difference btwn the product and the process of dynamic assessment?

product- score, test result, question response

process- how does the student approach the task?

snow (2010) shows 3 factors interaction for reading comprehension which include...

-text

-activity

-reader

snow (2010)'s learning and cognition circles contain what 4 levels?

1. basic reading

2. basic comprehension

3. somewhat elaborated comprehension

4.highly elaborated comprehension

what are some things to think about when teaching comprehension strategies?

-activating prior knowledge

-questioning

-visualization

-monitoring, clarifying or fixing up

-interference

-retelling

to help with comprehension before going through a text you should ...

preview the text - to activate background knowledge

to help with comprehension during a text you should ...

monitor comprehension, fix-up

to help with comprehension after going through a text you should ...

recall and summarize

- make text-world, text-sef, text-text connections

its important to understand the discourse genres of different classes in school (math vs english ) this can also be thought of as the ___________-

macrostructure

while critical literacy is thought of as "reading between the lines" Dynamic literacy is thought of as "reading....

"reading across the lines and beyond

Westby (2012) lists multiple types of inferences which include...

-anaphoric reference (he asked her)

-bridging/relational inference

-explanatory/casual

-predictive

-goal inference

-elaborative inference

Narrative comprehension requires 2 different landscapes. The landscape of __________ and the landscape of ________________-

landscape of action and consciousness

what does the landscape of action focus on?

temporal sequence

-3rd person account

-action/event oriented

-explains the physical world

ex: folktales

what does landscape of consciousness focus on?

perspective of different characters

-ToM

-human intentionality

-mental state verbs

-tropes/metaphor.figurative lang

ex: trickster takes, novels

expository (informational) text comprehension includes...

-less familiar schema

-decontextualized

-facts

-abstract dieas

-authors perspective

what kind of processing do expository (informational) text comprehension need?

bottom up

-read the facts 1st then organize into schema

-discuss that topic sentences can be first or last and know that

explain the accelerated literacy view from gray & cowey

transformation lesson= educator + student collab in parsing and discussing text

-teacher/slp reads aloud

-breakdown sentences

-discuss word choice

-rearrange segments

-have student rewrite paraphrasing or w/ template

parsing

mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases

what executive functioning skills are needed for reading comprehension?

-working memory

-inhibitory control

-cognitive flexibility

also need goal setting, planning, organization, task initiation, monitoring errors, time management and more!

language is a ______________ for EF and ToM skills

mediator

-self talk/inner speech

-adult scaffolding

-using conditional knowledge (if/when)

how do we assess a students developmental level?

chronological age + cultural expectations for eligibility

what should you focus on for students with complex communication needs?

functional skills + environmental modifications

what are some changes in linguistic skills as children get older?

-presented with unfamiliar material

-new social experiences

-figurative language, sarcasm,

what are the 5 new communication skills in advanced language period?

1. more intensive social interaction

2. executive functioning plays a role

3. academic language and literacy demands

4. increasingly flexible language skills

5. abstract thinking, verbal reasoning

what are some areas of growth in microstructure?

-increased use of complex syntax (relative clauses etc)

-gradual increases in sentence length

-structural choices within sentences

-persice and technical word choice

what are some areas of growth in macrostructure?

-expository and persuasive generes show syntactic complexity for format

-increased use and range of cohesive devices

t/f being a late talker affects you later in life

true - up to 17

3/4 of children with a history of language delay required some sort of ____________ ______________

academic support

when should you be reassessing students with LD?

constantly! especially when they transition to greater educational demands

what is the goal of the student centered assessment?

being upfront with the student about why they are there and your goals for this session

what are examples of standardized tests to assess oral/written/discourse skills

-CASL-2

-CELF-metalinguistic

-TOLD-intermediate

-TILLS

-TOPS

what should you supplement a standardized assessment with?

-criterion referenced assessment

-dynamic assessment

-curriculum based assessment

T/F: oral language samples are not enough for language sampling, you need written samples as well

true

oral language utterances are longer than written in ________ - __________ grade

6-7th

Subordination index

Ratio of subordinate clauses to total clauses; used as an indication of the syntactic complexity of an utterance or text.

a subordination index of at least _____._____ is looked for in adolescent samples

1.3

a student must follow these 6 steps to successfully summarize a narrative

1. understand the event

2. understand how different actions and themes are related

3. recognize the key pieces of evidence to be recounted

4.sequence correctly

5. determine important events

6. recreate information in concise way

what are 3 ways to investigate writing?

1. product

2. process

3. knowledge

by 4 years old children should be able to...

line up and space their writing attempts even without formal schooling

conventional writing is expected by the end of ________ grade with around _______ - _______coherent sentences including basic punctuation

1st grade

3-4

by 5th grade student should have

strong multi episode written narratives expected in typical development

t/f students with LD produce shorter written stories but show normal grammatical errors

false - show MORE grammatical errors

which type of writing allows us to see the greatest syntactic complexity?

persuasive discourse

- more subordination

-logical relationships must be explained

by the age of ____________________- children are capable of writing sentences that contain as many as 5-6 clauses connected via organizing principles

11-12

what are the 6 components of the writing process?

-planning

-drafting

-revising

-editing

-rewriting

-publishing

mature writers and planners spend the most time on which 2 steps in the writing process?

composition and revising

writing about a reading passage helps with what?

comprehension above and beyond just the reading

reading comprehension is improved by

1.

2.

1. text structure in example passages followed by use of that same template

2. paragraph and sentence construction including sentence combining

what are some elements that help with syntax and microstructure growth?

1. sentence combining and expanding activities

2. accelerated literacy approach

3. connecting words

4. students retain grammar learned in context better than in isolation

what does TREE stand for?

topic sentence

reasons

examination

ending

what are some examples for writing goals to focus on?

- when given a graphic organizer, student will organize....

with ...... level of support

-client will correctly write out a 5 step activity just completed by following a model with ... supports

what are the four "S" of intervention for adolescents?

1. learning skills

2. learning strategies

3. applying to schoolwork

4. student buy-in

what is reciprocal teaching?

slp models using curriculum materials,

- predict, question summarize, clarify

-student takes a turn being the facilitator

what does strategy based interaction require?

-meta cognitive ability

-often applied to reading and writing

-compensatory strategies, templates, GO, mnemonics

what are the 7 steps (yes SEVEN?!) of self regulated learning

1. describe the strategy

2. activate background knowledge

3. discuss current performance level

4. model strategy (i do)

5. we do

6. you do

7. generalize to classroom or new contents

what are the 4 parts of explicit vocabulary instruction?

- tier 2 and 3 vocabulary

- pre-teach/ review

-graphic organizers (GO)

-word study approaches

word finding difficulty is often a sign of both ...

word storage and word retrieval difficulties

what are 2 great word retrieval strategies?

-vocab development, compare/contrast and semantic mapping

-students can self cue and use strategies such as phonological cues, gesture cueing et.

what does the syntactic pattern of intervention suggest?

1. define the target

2. identify the target in context

3. combine

4. unscramble

5. expand

6. combine to imitate after model

7. write your own

high school level reading comprehension strategies include these 4 main things...

1. self questioning

2. activating prior knowledge

3. determine purpose of reading

4. annotate and take notes

What is SQ3R?

Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review

what is the SQ3R helpful for?

comprehension of expository texts

use _____________ for complex language structures

priming

t/f peer tutors show the greatest gains for students with writing weaknesses only

false - with all performance!

SLPs should take a ___________ based approach when helping students

strength

autism significantly affects _________ & ____________ communication before the age of 3

verbal and nonverbal

the term autism does not apply if the child's educational performance is affected primarily

because then it would be diagnosed as _______ __________

-emotional disturbance

what educational impacts might be present for a child with primarily pragmatic difficulties?

-understanding characters POV

-inferencing

-figurative language

-probably more but this is all i have in my notes sorry

what are some strengths of ASD?

-monotropism

-adherence to rules

-pattern recognition

-attention to detail