名詞解釋 - Stage 2 - CP 14

Define anxiety hierarchy.

An anxiety hierarchy is a list of anxiety-provoking situations used in systematic desensitization, ordered from lowest to highest severity.

Define assertiveness training.

Assertiveness training uses behavioral rehearsal and other techniques to train people to express their needs effectively without infringing on the rights of others.

Define aversion therapy.

Aversion therapy is a controversial treatment in which an undesired behavior is consistently followed by an unpleasant consequence, decreasing the strength of the behavior over time.

Define behavioral rehearsal.

Behavioral rehearsal is a general technique for expanding a patient’s repertoire of coping behaviors through explanation, target-situation selection, rehearsal, feedback, and real-life application.

Define behavior therapy.

Behavior therapy is a framework for treating disorders based on conditioning or learning principles. It is scientific in nature and deemphasizes inferred, unobservable variables.

Define cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a therapy framework that emphasizes the role of thinking in the etiology and maintenance of problems and attempts to modify problematic thinking patterns, often using conditioning and learning principles to change behavior.

Define cognitive therapy.

Cognitive therapy is a mode of therapy pioneered by Aaron Beck that focuses on the connection between thinking patterns, emotions, and behavior and uses cognitive and behavioral techniques to modify dysfunctional thinking patterns.

Define contingency contracting.

Contingency contracting is a contingency management technique in which therapist and patient draw up a contract specifying desired and undesired behaviors and the consequences of engaging or failing to engage in them.

Define contingency management.

Contingency management refers to operant conditioning techniques that attempt to control behavior by manipulating its consequences.

Define counterconditioning.

Counterconditioning is the principle of substituting relaxation for an anxiety response.

Define covert sensitization.

Covert sensitization is a form of aversion therapy in which patients imagine themselves engaging in an undesired behavior and then imagine extremely aversive events occurring once that behavior is clearly in mind.

Define dialectical behavior therapy.

Dialectical behavior therapy is a cognitive-behavioral therapy developed by Marsha Linehan for borderline personality disorder and related conditions, teaching mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness.

Define exposure plus response prevention.

Exposure plus response prevention is a behavioral technique often used for OCD in which the patient is exposed to the obsession-provoking stimulus and prevented from engaging in the compulsive behavior that relieves the obsession.

Define exposure therapy.

Exposure therapy is a behavioral technique for reducing anxiety in which patients expose themselves, in real life or fantasy, to feared or avoided stimuli or situations. Effective exposure must provoke anxiety, last long enough, and be repeated until anxiety is eliminated.

Define extinction.

Extinction is the elimination of an undesired response, such as a behavioral or emotional response.

Define habituation.

Habituation is the elimination of a response that comes about from the repeated and/or prolonged presentation of the provoking stimulus.

Define interoceptive cues.

Interoceptive cues are internal physiological stimuli, such as dizziness or nausea.

Define modeling.

Modeling, also known as observational learning, is the learning of a new skill or set of behaviors by observing another person perform those skills or behaviors.

Define overcorrection.

Overcorrection is a form of aversion therapy in which the client is made to overcorrect for the consequences of an undesired behavior.

Define Premack principle.

The Premack principle, also known as Grandma’s rule, is a contingency management technique in which a behavior is reinforced by allowing the individual to engage in a more attractive activity once the target behavior is completed.

Define rational-emotive therapy (RET).

Rational-emotive therapy is a therapy pioneered by Albert Ellis in which patients confront and correct illogical thinking. In Ellis’s system, beliefs about events, rather than the events themselves, determine problematic emotional or behavioral consequences.

Define rational restructuring.

Rational restructuring is an eclectic set of techniques that teaches individuals to examine their assumptions about situations or the world in general and alter their ideas to be more realistic or rational.

Define relaxation.

Relaxation is a state of lowered anxiety, stress, and physiological arousal. It may be induced by tensing and relaxing muscle groups, breathing exercises, imagery exercises, or hypnosis.

Define response cost.

Response cost is a form of aversion therapy in which positive reinforcers are removed following an undesired behavior.

Define shaping.

Shaping is a contingency management technique in which a behavior is developed by first rewarding any behavior that approximates it and then selectively reinforcing behaviors that increasingly resemble the target behavior.

Define stress-inoculation training (SIT).

Stress-inoculation training is a technique developed by Donald Meichenbaum that attempts to prevent problems by inoculating patients to ongoing and future stressors through education about appraisal patterns, coping skills, rehearsal, and real-life application.

Define successive approximation.

Successive approximation is another term for shaping.

Define symptom substitution.

Symptom substitution is the notion that if a symptom is removed without attending to the underlying pathology of an illness, another symptom will emerge to take its place.

Define systematic desensitization.

Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique for reducing anxiety in which patients practice relaxation while visualizing anxiety-provoking situations of increasing intensity, becoming desensitized to the feared stimulus.

Define time-out.

Time-out is a contingency management technique in which a person is temporarily removed from the situation that is reinforcing the undesired behavior.

Define token economy.

A token economy is a system in which desired behaviors are promoted through strict control of reinforcements. It requires specifying immediate reinforcers for each behavior and backup reinforcers for which patients can exchange immediate reinforcers.