Reactions to globalisation

Negative response to cultural globalisation

• Reinforcement of national and ethnic IDs due to resentment against vapid consumerism represented by McWorld culture

Positive response to cultural globalisation

• Global monoculture with more tolerance and diversity

Marcuse 1964

• Obsession with materialism diminished humanity

Application of Marcuse

• Consumerism and instant gratification of social media → cultural void, with unfulfilling greed and narcissism → filled by other ideologies

Benn 2001

• People feel they have no control over globalisation and therefore their lives

  • More insular outlook, alienation and distrust of outsiders

Goodhart 2017 — 2 groups formed by globalisation

1. Anywheres

2. Somewheres

Goodhart — anywheres

• Benefitted by increased opportunities from globalisation

  • More wealthy

  • More educated

Goodhart — somewheres

• Threatened by globalisation

  • Fewer skills

  • More geographical attachment

2 applications of ‘somewheres’

1. Brexit

2. Trump

• Both promise a return to 🇬🇧/🇺🇸 as an island, focus on self-sufficiency and less connection with other countries

ID politics

• Leaders emphasise own culture and promise to safeguard it

• Caused by uncertainty of globalisation

ID politics and 🇬🇧 (2)

1. 🇬🇧 Brexit and ‘Get Brexit Done’ represented 🇬🇧 view of 🇪🇺 as a threat to traditional way of life

2. Raise the flag mvmt 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿

ID politics and 🇫🇷

• Marine Le Pen and le Rassemblement Nationale represent a unique 🇫🇷 ID

ID politics and 🇭🇺

• Viktor Orbán ✝>☪

ID politics and 🇺🇸

• 🇺🇸 Trump’s 🇺🇸 First and MAGA

• Seen as protecting 🇺🇸 from internal and external threats

• Who you are is defined by who you’re not

• 🇲🇽 = aliens/wall

ID politics and 🇹🇷

• Tayyip Erdoğan

  • ☪ >>

  • Anti-feminism

• 2020 — turned Hagia Sophia back into a mosque (formerly a museum)

Huntingdon 1996 — creation to rise in Western consumer goods

• Negative, not global monoculture

  • Threatened cultures reassert their won values in defiance of cocacolonisation

• Dominance of 🇺🇸 commodities ≠ all cultures wanted to adapt to 🇺🇸 values and ideals

Example of negative response to a country’s good dominating

• 1970s and 80s — increasing consumption of 🇯🇵 cars/electronics in 🇺🇸

  • ≠ Japanisation

  • = antagonism towards 🇯🇵

Westernisation and values

• Respond to Westernisation by characterising own values as different/superior to West, esp right to individual self-fulfilment and gay marriage

2021 — number of countries in which gay sex was illegal

69

2021 — number of countries in which gay sex was punishable by death

11

🇺🇬 and values

• President Museveni criminalised gay sex and warned the West to respect African societies and values

🇨🇳 and globalisation

• Simultaneously globalised yet also authoritarian and not liberal

🇷🇺 and values

• Rise in national ID under Putin

  • Slavic pride

  • Orthodox ⛪️

2020 — % of 🇷🇺 that voted in favour of a new constitution (Christianity and straight marriages at its core)

78%

Impact of globalisation on ☪️

• Western values seen as threat to ☪ and thus conflict between the two societies ensues

🇹🇷 and ☪️

• Criticisms of feminism and 🏳‍🌈 based in ☪️

🇦🇫 and ☪️

• Taliban rule = fewer rights for women

2 powerful Islamist groups that have lots of power against the West

1. Al Qaeda

2. ISIL

Malala

• Nobel Peace Prize laureate

  • ☪ but supports women’s rights

Musawah

• 2020 launched

  • Campaigns for women’s rights w/in ☪ on the basis of ☪️

2 democratic ☪ states

1. 🇮🇩

2. 🇹🇳

2 non-☪ states that are anti-🏳‍🌈

1. Republican 🇺🇸

2. Orthodox 🇷🇺

Said

• Many different ☪ traditions

  • Terrorists = small minority

3 types of reaction to globalisation

1. Hyper-globalisers

2. Globalisation skeptics

3. Transformationalists

Bobbitt — hyper-globalisers

• State has been ‘hollowed out’ by globalisation

Hyper-globalisers and the state

• Challenge state’s centrality in international relations

• Globalisation so impactful that the state is just a depot for global trade and flow of capital

• World is now post-state sovereignty, with global trends diluting their characteristics → more global governance → world gov’t?

Hyper-globalisers and borders

• Now live in a borderless world (ish)

  • Borders now more permeable to goods/ideas/people/capital

Hyper-globalisers and global governance

• States cannot work alone so have to cooperate w/in parameters established by globalisation

Globalisation skeptics and the novelty of globalisation

• See globalisation as having happened before

  • British Empire was a large free market

  • 1870-1913 massive increase of ships, currency and trade that then led to WW1 as it didn’t undermine state sovereignty

Globalisation skeptics and global institutions

• See nation-state as central to IR, e.g. Brexit

• Limited efficacy of ICC and ICJ

• Don’t like the idea of a global community, e.g. collapse of Doha round

Transformationalists and states

• Globalisation has enhanced state sovereignty, e.g. by the Internet

  • 🇨🇳 has asserted its national interest but also received more pressure over HR and 🇹🇼

• Also adapted, with states negotiating deals for citizens in regional orgs

Transformationalists and sovereignty

• Globalisation has a big impact on sovereignty, with MNCs, IGOs and NGOs

Transformationalists and COVID-19

• More connectivity

• BUT gov’t also protected own citizens

Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN)

• 🇲🇽 guerrilla group

• Founded late 20th century, named after peasant revolutionary Emiliano Zapata

• 1st January 1994 - rebelled to protest economic policies that would negatively affect 🇲🇽’s indigenous population

• Later turned into political movement that advocated for 🇲🇽’s disenfranchised Indians

History of EZLN

• Founded 1983, started getting followers in the early 1990s

• 1993 - called for 🇲🇽’s Indians to rise up against 1 party rule of the PRI

2 goals of EZLN

• Land reform and redistribution

• Greater political and cultural autonomy for 🇲🇽’s indigenous people

EZLN impetus

• Series of economic reforms meant to prepare 🇲🇽 to integrate into NAFTA

  • 1993 land reform bill - privatisation of communal farms (ejidos)

EZLN rebellion

• 1st January 1994 - NAFTA goes into effect

• Zapatistas seize 4 Chiapas towns, held them for several days

  • Leader - Subcomandante Marcos - urged indigenous 🇲🇽 to rebel too

  • Battled 🇲🇽 troops, retreated into surrounding jungle 

  • 100< people killed

• Uprising spread to other parts of Chiapas

• Following years

  • Insurrections broke out in nearby states

  • Indigenous communities voiced support for EZLN 

  • Pro-EZLN municipalities declared selves autonomous from state

• Peace talks initiated by 🇲🇽 president in 1994

  • Conflict still unresolved by change of president later in 1994

• Feb 1995 - new president (Zedillo) launched military offence against EZLN, issued arrest warrants for leaders

  • Reversed policies due to unpopularity

• 1995-6 - talks with 🇲🇽 govt and EZLN

• February 1996 - EZLN and 🇲🇽 govt signed San Andrés Accords 

  • Outlined land reform, indigenous autonomy and cultural rights

• December - Zedillo rejected SAA, waged a covert war against EZLN

  • Attacked civilians who supported the rebels

  • December 1997 - paramilitary forces massacred 45 people (women and children) in pro-EZLN town

EZLN as a political mvmt

• EZLN moved towards peaceful action

  • Formed administrative structures in their villages

  • Created local seats of govt - caracoles

• 1999 - organised National Consultation on Indigenous Rights and Culture

  • Culminated in EZLN-organised poll on Indian rights

  • 3m 🇲🇽 participated - overwhelming support for SAA

• 2000 - first non-PRI President (Fox) in 70 years

  • EZLN called for resumption of talks and implementation of SAA

  • 2001 - Fox approved revised SAA, EZLN denounced it

  • 2003 - EZLN unilaterally implemented original SAA in their territory

• 2001 - 15-day EZLN march ‘Zapatour’

• 2006 - 6-month countrywide EZLN tour that coincided with presidential race