Developmental Stages Review

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering the developmental theories of Freud, Piaget, Erikson, and Mahler as described in the lecture notes.

Id

A human's basic, instinctual drives that are pleasure seeking.

Ego

The part of the psyche that attempts to mediate between the id and reality.

Superego

The part of the psyche that reflects the internalization of cultural rules usually learned from parents.

Oral Stage

The psychosexual stage from birth to $1$ year where an infant's primary interaction with the world is through the mouth.

Anal Stage

The psychosexual stage from $1$ to $3$ years where the primary focus of the libido is on controlling bladder and bowel movements.

Anal Retentive

A personality trait resulting from too much pressure during toilet training characterized by an excessive need for order or cleanliness.

Anal Expulsive

A personality trait resulting from too little pressure during toilet training characterized by messy or destructive behavior.

Phallic Stage

The psychosexual stage from $3$ to $6$ years where the primary focus is on the genitals and children become aware of gender identity.

Latent Stage

The psychosexual stage from $6$ years to puberty where sexual feelings are dormant and children develop social skills and peer relationships.

Genital Stage

The psychosexual stage from puberty to adulthood where the libido becomes active and people develop a strong interest in the opposite sex.

Disequilibrium

A state brought on by a discrepancy between a person's current understanding of the world and reality, serving as motivation for cognitive development.

Assimilation

The incorporation of new information into existing schemas.

Accommodation

The modification of existing schemas to accept new information.

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's stage from birth to $2$ years where infants learn primarily through sensory input and action.

Object Permanence

The achievement during the sensorimotor stage where a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

Causality

The recognition that certain events cause other events, such as moving a hand to move a toy.

Symbolic Thought

The use of language and symbols to think about actions before performing them.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's stage from $2$ to $7$ years characterized by the symbolic function and the use of mental images and language.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's stage from $7$ to $11$ years where children are capable of performing mental operations using logic and abstract thinking.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's stage from $11$ years and up where individuals can think abstractly, hypothetically, and in a relativistic way.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's stage from $0$ to $18$ months where the task is to achieve a balance between trust and mistrust based on the caregiver relationship.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage from $18$ months to $3$ years where the toddler seeks independence over their own body.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's stage from $3$ to $6$ years where the task is to set goals and carry out plans without infringing on the rights of others.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage from $6$ to $12$ years where the task is to develop competence by beginning school and learning to do things on their own.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's stage from $12$ to $18$ years where the adolescent seeks to develop a personal identity and adult roles.

Fidelity

The virtue achieved when an adolescent is comfortable with others of varying values while remaining true to their own identity.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage from $18$ to $40$ years where the task is to form intimate relationships with commitment and care.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage from $40$ to $65$ years focused on a sense of purpose through career, raising children, and creating positive change.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's stage from $65$ years to death where older adults look back on life to feel a sense of fulfillment.

Autistic Stage

Mahler's stage from newborn to $1$ month where the infant is focused purely on themselves and unresponsive to external stimuli.

Symbiotic Stage

Mahler's stage from $1$ to $5$ months where the infant begins to perceive the 'need-satisfying object' and the mother's ego functions for the infant.

Separation-Individuation Stage

Mahler's stage from $5$ to $24$ months or more where the infant develops boundaries of self and a sense of self.

Differentiation Substage

The substage from $5$ to $9$ months where the infant's attention shifts from being inwardly focused to outwardly focused.

Practicing Substage

The substage from $9$ to $14$ months where autonomous ego functions like walking and playing become apparent.

Rapprochement Substage

The substage from $14$ to $24$ months where the infant acts independently but returns to the mother to ensure she is still there.

Object Constancy Substage

The substage after $24$ months where the infant internalizes the mother and understands she exists despite her absence.