botany prac 3

viruses (def)

not considered to be alive
cannot reproduce without a host cell
cause many diseases in plants and animals

bacteriophage (picture)

genetic material types

DNA and RNA

capsid

protein covering that encloses and transports genetic material

bacteriophage

complex; DNA virus
polyhedral head, sheath, tail fibers, tail pins

infect bacteria on plant leaves- dont cause disease

helical virus (picture)

helical virus definition

rod shaped; capsid proteins and rna

ex) tobacco mosaic virus

causes infection in 9 plant families- 300+ species
mosaic discoloration in leaves- yellowing
horizontal gene transfer- tools, chewing insects, touching
most transmissible virus- virus on fingers after handling tobacco

adenovirus (picture)

adenovirus definition

polyhedral capsid- 20 sided; receptors
most common capsid type in plant viruses

rembrandt helical virus

virus disrupts pigment genes in tulip flowers
cultivated as color patterns in flowers
virus eventually kills plant
asexual propagation- horizontal gene transfer

viroid infections in plant (examples)

potato spindle tumor viroid

cadang cadang

avocado sunblotch viroid

bacteria colony morphology

prochloron

oxygenic

most chloroplast like cyanobacterium

oscillatoria

nostoc

anabaena

rhizobium bacteria

mutualistic with legumes
forms root nodules- fixes atmospheric nitrogen; N2

pseudomonas

bacteria infection

leaf spotting- Hibiscus and soybeans
bacteriophages used to control bacteria diseases in plants
bacteria host specific bacteriophages kill Pseudomonas

mycoplasma

bacteria infection
Mycoplasma transferred horizontally- saliva of sucking insects
crop and horticultural plants
sugarcane, cherries, peaches, cone flower, cannabis
yellowing, small and shriveled fruit

erwinia

bacteria infection

fire blight disease in apples

hyphae

filamentous growth form in fungi

mycelium

mass of filaments

rhizopus

black bread mold; zygomycota

aspergillus

penicillium

mycorrhizae fungi

mutualistic with plant roots

endo (grows into root cells “arbuscular hyphae”) or ecto (in root between cells)

crustose lichen

flat on surface

foliose lichen

somwhat leaf like

fruticose lichen

more bushy and more branching; shrubby

asocarp

fungus reproductive structure in lichenn

soredia

produced by lichen for asexual reproduction

armillaria

conifer fungus parasite

euglena

unicellular protist

chloroplast, red eye spot, flagella, heterotrophic in dark

diatoms

diverse

Navicula; Stramenopiles
centric- radially symmetrical
pinnate- bilaterally symmetrical

brown algae

largest mulitcellular algae, stramenophile (SARS)

postelsia

multicellular brown algae; thallus
blade, stipe, holdfast- no air bladders

macrocystis

multicellular brown algae; kelp
blades, stipe, air bladders

fucus

multicellular brown algae

blades w/ recepticles containing conceptacle w/ antheridia and archegonia

sargassum

multicellular brown algae
blades, air bladders, stipe

ectocarpus

multicellular brown algae

dinoflagellate

SARS alveolate

2 flagella in grooves
groove perpendicular to midline of cell
groove parallel to midline of cell

ex) ceratium

Polysiphonia

archaeplastida, rhodophyta

red algae

3 multicellular forms in life cycle;

tetrasporophyte- diploid
gametophytes- haploid
carposporophyte- diploid

Chlamydomonas

archaeplastida, chlorophyta (green algae)

unicellular, motile green algae

closterium

archaeplastida, chlorophyta (green algae)

desmid; unicellular, non motile

micrasterias

archaeplastida, chlorophyta (green algae)

desmid; unicellular, non motile

scendesmus

archaeplastida, chlorophyta (green algae)

desmid; unicellular, non motile

gonium

archaeplastida, chlorophyta (green algae)

motile flat colony- 16 cells

pandorina

archaeplastida, chlorophyta (green algae)

hollow colony- 32 cells

volvox

archaeplastida, chlorophyta (green algae)

motile colonies

spirogyra

archaeplastida, chlorophyta (green algae)
non motile filament; spiral chloroplasts

oedogonium

archaeplastida, chlorophyta

unbranched filamentous green algae

hydrodictyon

archaeplastida, chlorphyta (green algae)

non motile filament, water net

ulva

archaeplastida, chlorphyta; green algae

multicellular sheet; sea lettuce