Global History Final 9H Review

Flashcards covering key concepts from the 9H Global History final review, including Andean civilizations, Islamic history, Mongol rule, and maritime trade.

Anasazi Agricultural Tasks (Women and Girls)

Women and girls were typically responsible for agricultural tasks because men were engaged in hunting and trade.

Andean Civilizations Famine Prevention

They preventing famine when crops failed by discovering how to freeze dry vegetables and meat products.

Moche Society Wealth and Political Control

Wealth and power were concentrated in the hands of an elite of priests and military leaders who lived atop large platforms.

Tiwanaku Power Elite Rise

The rise of a power elite class occurred because decorative motifs in sculpture and pottery showed symbols of religious authority.

Cahokia (Mississippian Culture)

It became the most important center due to its ability to link resources from the coast to the interior.

Mayan Cosmos Layers

They believed there were three layers: the heavens, the human world, and the underworld.

Southeast Asia Rice Cultivation Advantages

The warm, rainy climate and fertile soil allowed large amounts of food to be grown, often with multiple harvests each year, supporting a large population.

Southeast Asia Prosperity ($50-1025\,CE$)

It prospered because it was located on important trade routes, which brought wealth, goods, and cultural exchange.

Silk Road Traders Isolation

Traders were isolated and secretive to keep information away from their competitors.

Stirrups

They provided support for horses and cavalry, helping weapons be used more effectively.

Female Steppe Nomads Role

They oversaw the breeding and birthing of livestock and the preparation of skins.

Dhows

The boats that carried trade in the Red and Arabian Seas.

Junks

The largest and technologically advanced vessels between $1200$ and $1500$. They had watertight compartments, up to twelve sails, and carried cargoes of up to $1,000$ tons.

Lateen sails

They helped prepare the Indian Ocean maritime sailors better for long distance travel.

Astrolabe

An Arab or Greek invention that enabled mariners to determine their location at sea by measuring the position of the sun by day or the stars by night.

Compass

A Chinese invention suitable for sea faring, first used around $1090$.

Domesticated Camels

Introduced from Arabia, their domestication in the Sahara was related to the development of trans-Saharan trade.

Bantu Migrations Impact

Helped with the diffusion of iron metallurgy and agricultural techniques, and was responsible for the spread of iron smelting south of the Equator.

Bodhisattva

Enlightened beings who postponed nirvana to help and guide others on their spiritual journeys.

Mahayana Buddhism

A blending of Hinduism with local culture that was accessible to people because it had gods, saints, and myths.

Theravada Buddhism

Based on the exact teachings of Buddha with the goal to achieve nirvana.

Sunni and Shi'ites Beliefs

Sunni supported the Umayad caliphate, while Shi'ites supported Ali's claim and the descendants of Muhammad.

Quran

Viewed by Muslim people as the revelation of Allah and the unalterable word of God.

Shari’a

Islamic law.

Hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the prophet Muhammad; the most important basis of Islamic law after the Quran.

Umma

A single community of believers formed in Medina by Muhammad’s Meccan followers and converts.

Ulama

Primary interpreters of Islamic law.

Sufi brotherhood

Mystic fraternities that sought union with God through rituals and training; they were the first geographically extensive Islamic religious organization.

Mecca Pilgrimage Site Reason

Because Muhammad was born in Mecca and it contained the Ka'ba, a small cubical shrine.

Schism of $1054$

The schism between the Latin and Orthodox Churches caused by disagreements over practices of the Latin Church and papal jurisdiction.

Fief

Land granted to a man in return for a promise to supply military service or knighthood.

Manor

Self-sufficient farming estates that were the primary economic unit and centers of agricultural production.

Vladimir I

Brought Orthodox Christianity to Russia.

Concordat of Worms

The agreement where Holy Roman Emperors renounced the rights to choose bishops or advots.

Charles Martel

Stopped the Islamic/Ummayad advance into Frankish territory in Europe.

Grand Canal

Built by the Sway dynasty to facilitate communication and trade between northern and southern China.

Sage

The asserted ideal human who can preserve mental stability and serenity.

Flying Money

A form of intercity and interregional credit used in the Song Empire.

Yuan Dynasty Founding

Founded in $1260$ in China when Khubilai declared himself Great Khan, with its capital at Beijing.

Black Death Spread

Likely spread from Asia to Europe by armies and traders carrying loads infested with infected fleas.

Three-field system

A new agricultural technique in Europe after $1200\,CE$ that resulted in higher crop fields.

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of free towns in northern Germany.

Joan of Arc

A peasant woman who rallied French troops and defeated the English in $1429$, leading the French to victory in the Hundred Years War.

Johan Guttenberg

Inventor of the printing press.

Monsoons

Winds that dictated where traders and mariners sailed throughout the year.

Mansa Kankan Musa

His pilgrimage to Mecca displayed his exceptional wealth.

Inka mit’a system

A system of forced labor.

Inka roads

Connected the empire for military and trade routes; built using the Promethis system.