chapter seven part two

what are the three stages pain can be viewed

acute, prechronic, and chronic pain

qualities of acute pain

adapti

what is the prechronic state of pain

where you need to make changes so acute pain doesn’t become chronic

what is chronic pain

non-adaptive, debilitating and demoralizing pain that endures over months without identifiable tissue damage.

what is chronic recurrent pain

periodic/intermittent pain that persists over time

example of chronic recurrent pain

a headache

pain is…

individualized and subjective

what did henry beecher believe

that the intensity of suffering was largel

what was henry beecher’s experiment

determined during ww2; soldiers were optimistic despite injury, but when he went home civilians with comparable injury were in worse shape

people with no control over a situation…

tend to experience more pain/suffering

how are classical conditioning and individual experiences of pain related

the smells and sounds of a place in which you’ve experienced pain can cause specific reactions

example of the relationship between classical conditioning and individual pain

the dentist; walking into a room that you experienced pain in will make you more sensitive to pain and increase suffering the next time

what is the relationship between operant conditioning and individual pain experience

people who receive attention, sympathy, relief from responsibilities, or disability compensation are more likely to develop chronic pain than those who didn’t receive rewards

those that have care from spouses pain intensity score will be….

higher than those who don’t have care

what is the relationship between social learning theory and individual pain experience

if you observe that others are being rewarded because of pain, you’re learning that your pain may cause rewards too

do pain resistant and pain prone personalities exist

not really, depends more on culture than individual person

the more the man defines himself in a masculine stereotype….

the less likely he will be to report pain

as children get older…

girls report more pain than boys do

what is the comparison for men and women for pain

women have greater sensitivity and lower threshold for pressure related pain (but they feel cold the same)

true or false: in some cultures it is not acceptable to show pain during labor

true

what ethnicity has higher sensitivity than european americans

african and hispanic

factors that could relate to european americans having low sensitivity

ability to cope, support, or optimism

what are the four pain syndromes

headaches, low back pain, arthritis, and phantom limb pain

statistics on headaches (generally)

99% of population will experience them, most common type of pain

what are migraines

recurrent attacks of pain that vary in terms of intensity, frequency, and duration; severe throbbing associated with nausea and vomiting, extreme sensitivity to sights and sounds

qualities of migraines

cause is unclear though associated with blood vessels in brainstem, and comes with an aura

statistics of migranes

6 out of 9 men, and 18% of women

what are tension headaches

muscular in nature from sustained muscle contraction of the head, neck, face, and shoulder

statistic of tension headaches

40% of people experience these

what are cluster headaches

similar to migraines, associated with vision loss and nausea just briefer and occurs in clusters

statistic for cluster headaches

more prominent in men

statistic for low back pain

80% of the population will experience this casually, if no recovery that’s not a good thing; 20% of causes are unidentified

how much does the industry for back pain make in a year

90 billion dollars

what are the four categories under arthritis

rheumatoid, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and phantom limb pain

what is rheumatoid arthritis

an autoimmune disease characterized by swelling and inflammation of the joints, as well as destruction of bone, cartilage, and tendons

when would rheumatoid arthritis start

around age 40, women are twice as likely as men to develop it

what is osteoarthritis

progressive inflammation of the joints

when would osteoarthritis occur

onset is at 70, usually 50% of population over 70 will have it

what is fibromyalgia

tender points throughout the entire body; usually tendons, ligaments, and muscles

effects of fibromyalgia

heightened sensitivity to pain, trouble sleeping, and fatigue

what is phantom limb pain

chronic pain coming from limb that was amputated

statistics of phantom limb pain

90% of amputees experience this; the more pain they had prior to amputation the more phantom pain will occur

what are the two ways of managing pain

analgesic drugs and behavioral techniques

what are the two kinds of (analgesic) drugs

opiates and nsaids

issue with morphine (opiate)

highly addictive, used as a last resort

what is the replacement (usually) for morphine

codeine and tylenol

other info about opiates

those who take it normally want to stop as soon as possible; side effect is severe constipation

what does NSAID stand for

non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs

examples of nsaids

aspirin, tylenol, ibuprofen

why are nsaids significant

blocks the enzyme that produces prostaglandins

what do prostaglandins do

increase pain sensitivity, cause inflammation and promote fever through hypothalamus

what enzyme do the nsaids block

cyclooxygenase

what is the most prominent behavioral technique for pain

behavioral modification

what is behavioral modification

getting people to change their behaviors/responses; part of operant conditioning

what does behavior modification try and accomplish

have people respond differently to pain traps and unresponsive to vocalization of pain

what are pain traps

situations that will promote idea of increased attention, medication, sympathy, or financial compensation that comes with injury/illness

what is cognitive therapy

getting people to change their mindset and not catastrophize the situation

what is cognitive behavioral therapy

aims to develop beliefs, attitudes, skills, and thoughts that will make positive changes in behavior