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Water purification

The process of removing impurities and contaminants from water to make it safe and wholesome.

Large-scale water treatment

Purification of water on a large scale to produce safe and clean water for public consumption.

Small-scale water treatment

Purification of water on a small scale, typically for individual or household use.

Components of water purification system

Various elements and processes involved in treating water, including storage, filtration, and disinfection.

Chlorination

The process of adding chlorine to water to disinfect and kill bacteria and viruses.

Hypochlorous acid

The main disinfecting agent in chlorine-based water treatment, responsible for its disinfecting action.

Chlorine demand

The amount of chlorine needed to destroy bacteria and oxidize organic matter in water.

Contact period

The duration of time required for chlorine to effectively kill bacteria and viruses in water.

Free residual chlorine

The remaining chlorine concentration in water after disinfection, providing a margin of safety against microbial contamination.

Chlorine dose

The correct amount of chlorine to be added to water, taking into account the chlorine demand and desired residual chlorine concentration.

Turbidity

The cloudiness or haziness of water caused by suspended particles, which can impede efficient chlorination.

Paste

A mixture of solid chlorine and water, prepared before adding it to the water supply to ensure proper dissolution.

Chlorine gas

A form of chlorine used for disinfection, commonly stored in cylinders.

Bleaching powder

Also known as WSP (Water Sterilizing Powder), a chlorine compound used for disinfection, but is unstable and can lose chlorine due to moisture, CO2, heat, and light.

Chlorine tablets

Puritabs or Halazone tablets, used for disinfecting water, with one tablet sufficient for 20 liters of water.

Chlorination

A method of disinfection using chlorine, which can be done through simple chlorination, chloramination, or breakpoint chlorination.

Simple chlorination

The use of chlorine gas or bleaching powder for disinfection, with the dose determined by Horrock's apparatus.

Chloramination

A method of disinfection using a combination of ammonia and chlorine, with a specific ratio and longer germicidal action compared to chlorine alone.

Breakpoint chlorination

The process of adding chlorine to water until the point where free residual chlorine is available for continuous disinfection.

Super chlorination

The addition of excess chlorine than required for disinfection, often used in heavily polluted waters or during epidemics.

Ozone

A powerful oxidizing agent and disinfectant used for water treatment, produced on-site through corona discharge of high-voltage electricity.