Pankow 6B

Consciousness is the awareness of our [Blank].

self

Consciousness is the awareness of our self and [Blank].

environment

Consciousness ranges from [Blank] to [Blank].

alertness, sleep

[Blank] is the state of being awake, but more relaxed and not as focused.

Daydreaming

[Blank] is the state just before falling asleep or after waking up.

Drowsiness

[Blank] is the state of not being aware of yourself or the world around you.

Sleep

[Blank] can measure brain waves.

Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

The 4 main types of brain waves are [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

alpha, beta, delta, theta

[Brain Wave] are associated with alertness/concentration.

Beta waves

Beta waves are associated with [Blank].

alertness/concentration

[Brain wave] are associated with daydreaming.

Alpha waves

Alpha waves are associated with [Blank].

daydreaming

[Brain wave] are slower/lower frequency waves that are associated with drowsiness and right after falling asleep.

Theta waves

Theta waves are slower/lower frequency waves that are associated with [Blank] and [Blank].

drowsiness, right after falling asleep

[Brain wave] are associated with deep sleep and comas.

Delta waves

Delta waves are associated with [Blank] and [Blank].

deep sleep, comas

One sleep cycle typically lasts [Time].

90 minutes

The first three stages of the sleep cycle are called [Blank], while the fourth stage is called [Blank].

non-rapid eye movement sleep, rapid-eye movement sleep (REM)

The N1 stage of sleep is dominated by [Brain waves].

theta waves

Three phenomena that can occur during [Sleep stage] are hypnagonic hallucinations, the tetris effect, and hypnic jerks.

N1 sleep

Three phenomena that can occur during N1 sleep are [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

hypnagonic hallucinations, the tetris effect, hypnic jerks

[Blank] are hearing/seeing things that aren't there during N1 sleep; they typically can be very frightening.

Hypnagogic hallucinations

[Blank] is when you devote so much time to an activity during the day that it begins to pattern your thoughts, mental images, and dreams. This is why when you fall asleep after a day at the amusement park you may feel as though you are still riding the rides as you fall asleep.

The tetris effect

[Blank] are muscle twitches you sometimes experience as you fall asleep; it's the feeling of falling during sleep that everyone hates.

Hypnic jerks

[Sleep stage] is associated with theta waves, sleep spindles, and K-complexes.

N2 stage sleep

N2 stage sleep is associated with [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

theta waves, sleep spindles, K-complexes

[Blank] are bursts of brain activity during sleep to inhibit certain perceptions and to maintain a tranquil state.

Sleep spindles

Sleep spindles are [Blank] during sleep to inhibit certain perceptions and to maintain a tranquil state.

bursts of brain activity

Sleep spindles are bursts of brain activity during sleep to [Blank] and to [Blank].

inhibit certain perceptions, maintain a tranquil state

[Blank] suppress cortical arousal to keep you asleep and aid in encoding declarative/explicit memories. They are the reason you won't wake up if someone lightly touches you. Your brain recognizes the touch as non-threatening and keeps you asleep.

K-complexes

K-complexes [Blank] and [Blank]. They are the reason you won't wake up if someone lightly touches you. Your brain recognizes the touch as non-threatening and keeps you asleep.

suppress cortical arousal to keep you asleep, aid in encoding declarative/explicit memories

[Blank] is associated with slow wave sleep, declarative memory storage, delta waves, and sleepwalking/sleeptalking.

N3 stage of sleep

N3 stage of sleep is associated with [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

slow wave sleep, declarative memory storage, delta waves, sleepwalking/sleeptalking

Most dreaming occurs during [sleep stage].

REM sleep

REM sleep is important for [Blank] and [Blank].

memory consolidation, forming episodic memories

REM sleep contains [Brain Waves].

alpha, beta, dyssynchronous (similar to beta) waves

REM sleep is also called [Blank] because it has brain activity similar to being awake.

paradoxical sleep

REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because [Blank].

it has brain activity similar to being awake.

The order within a sleep cycle goes from [Blank].

N1 --> N2 --> N3 --> N2 --> REM --> N1

[Blank] are regular body rhythms across a 24-hour period.

Circadian rhythms

Circadian rhythms are controlled by [hormone].

melatonin

Melatonin is secreted by the [Blank].

pineal gland

Activity in the [Brain region] is decreased during REM sleep. This explains why dreams can defy logic, as the prefrontal cortex is responsible for logical thinking.

prefrontal cortex

Sigmund Freud stated that dreams are [Blank].

unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted.

Evolutionary biologists believe dreams are [Blank].

a threat simulation to prepare for the real world.

According to Freud, the literal meaning of our dream is known as [Blank]. Ex: a monster is chasing you.

Manifest content

According to Freud, the hidden meaning of our dream is known as [Blank]. Ex: Monster chasing you could represent your job pushing you out.

Latent content

[Blank] states that dreams are just our brain interpreting random neural impulses from the brainstem (pons). Since the impulses are random, dreams might not have any meaning.

The activation synthesis hypothesis

The activation synthesis hypothesis states that dreams are [Blank]. Since the impulses are random, dreams might not have any meaning.

just our brain interpreting random neural impulses from the brainstem (pons)

People with sleep deprivation are more susceptible to [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

poor memory, poor attention, obesity, depression

Babies need [more or less] sleep than adults.

more

[Blank] is persistent trouble falling asleep or staying asleep.

Insomnia

Treatments for insomnia include [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

medication, psychological training, lifestyle changes

[Blank] is when individuals can't help themselves from falling asleep.

Narcolepsy

[Blank] is when you stop breathing while sleeping and your body realizes this and wakes up just long enough to gasp for air, then falls back asleep without realizing it.

Sleep apnea

Indications of sleep apnea include [Blank] and [Blank].

snoring, morning fatigue after full night sleep

Hypnosis is an example of an [Blank].

induced state of consciousness.

People that undergo hypnotism are typically [Blank] and exhibit [brain waves].

more susceptible to suggestion, alpha waves

During hypnotism, [Blank] are memories that incorporate hypnotizers expectations even when not intended.

false memories

During hypnotism, false memories are memories that [Blank].

incorporate hypnotizers expectations even when not intended.

[Blank] is training to self-regulate your attention and awareness.

Meditation

People who regularly meditate [effect of regular meditation].

have more control over their attention.

[Blank] drugs can alter our consciousness and perception.

Psychoactive

Psychoactive drugs can alter our [Blank] and [Blank].

consciousness, perception

The four classes of psychoactive drugs include [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, opiates/opioids

The common depressant drugs are [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

Common effects of depressants include [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

decreasing CNS activity, decreased HR, decreased BP, decreased processing speed, vasodilation at low concentrations/vasoconstriction at high concentrations

[Drug] are used to induce sleep and reduce anxiety.

Barbiturates

Barbiturates are used to [Blank] and [Blank].

induce sleep, reduce anxiety

[Drug] effects: enhance the brain's response to GABA, induce sleep, and reduce anxiety.

Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepine effects: [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

enhance the brain's response to GABA, induce sleep, reduce anxiety

[Blank] are drugs that excite the CNS, increase HR, increase BP, and vasoconstrict.

Stimulants

Stimulants are drugs that [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

excite the CNS, increase HR, increase BP, vasoconstriction.

The common stimulants include [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

caffeine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, MDMA, cocaine, nicotine

[Blank] are drugs that distort perceptions, dilate pupils, heighten sensations, increase connectedness, and cause mood swings.

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens are drugs that [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

distort perceptions, dilate pupils, heighten sensations, increase connectedness, cause mood swings

Opioids are [Natural/Synthetic] Opiates are [Natural/Synthetic].

synthetic, natural.

[Drug class] effects: decrease CNS function, decrease HR, decrease BP, act as analgesics, and vasodilate.

Opiods

Opiods effects: [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

decrease CNS function, decrease HR, decrease BP, act as analgesics, vasodilate.

[Drug class] can act like an analgesic to reduce perception of pain.

Opiods

Cannabis (Marijuana) can act as a [Blank], [Blank], or [Blank].

hallucinogen, depressant, stimulant.

MDMA can act as a [Blank] or [Blank].

stimulant, hallucinogen.

Adverse side effects of [Blank] include reduced [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

barbiturates, memory, judgement, concentration.

[Blank] is a synthetic opiod used to help in addiction and getting individuals off opiods.

Methadone

Methadone is a synthetic opiod used to [Blank].

help in addiction and getting individuals off opiods.

[Drug] effects: inhibits adenosine receptors and can disrupt sleep.

Caffeine

Caffeine effects: [Blank] and can [Blank].

inhibits adenosine receptors, disrupt sleep.

[Drug] effects: increase HR, increase BP, acetylcholine receptor agonist, disrupt sleep, suppress appetite.

Nicotine

Nicotine effects: [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

increase HR, increase BP, acetylcholine receptor agonist, disrupt sleep, suppress appetite.

Nicotine is a CNS [stimulant or depressant].

stimulant.

Nicotine acts in the nervous system as [where it binds].

an acetylcholine receptor agonist.

[Blank] causes the brain to release dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

Cocaine

Cocaine causes the brain to release [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine.

Cocaine users typically experience [Blank] after use.

a crash.

[Blank] effects: release dopamine, block dopamine reuptake, and cause feelings of euphoria.

Amphetamines/Methamphetamines.

Amphetamines/Methamphetamines effects: [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank].

release dopamine, block dopamine reuptake, cause feelings of euphoria.

MDMA a.k.a [Blank] a.k.a [Blank].

Ecstasy, Molly.

MDMA is associated with [Blank] [Blank] [Blank] [Blank].

increased dopamine, serotonin, euphoria, high BP and body temperature, hallucinations, damaging serotonin releasing neurons.

[Blank] can damage neurons that produce serotonin.

MDMA.

MDMA can damage [Blank].

neurons that produce serotonin.