Pankow 6B

Question: [Blank] is the awareness of our self and environment Answer: Consciousness

Question: Consciousness is the awareness of our [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: self and environment

Question: Consciousness ranges from [Blank] to [Blank] Answer: alertness to sleep

Question: [Blank] is the state of being awake, but more relaxed and not as focused Answer: Daydreaming

Question: [Blank] is the state just before falling asleep or after waking up Answer: Drowsiness

Question: [Blank] is the state of not being aware of yourself or the world around you Answer: Sleep

Question: [Blank] can measure brain waves Answer: Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

Question: The 4 main types of brain waves are [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: alpha, beta, delta, and theta

Question: [Brain Wave] are associated with alertness/concentration Answer: Beta waves

Question: Beta waves are associated with [Blank] Answer: alertness/concentration

Question: [Brain wave] are associated with daydreaming Answer: Alpha waves

Question: Alpha waves are associated with [Blank] Answer: daydreaming

Question: [Brain wave] are slower/lower frequency waves that are associated with drowsiness and right after falling asleep Answer: Theta waves

Question: Theta waves are slower/lower frequency waves that are associated with [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: drowsiness and right after falling asleep

Question: [Brain wave] are associated with deep sleep and comas Answer: Delta waves

Question: Delta waves are associated with [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: deep sleep and comas

Question: One sleep cycle typically lasts [Time] Answer: 90 minutes

Question: The first three stages of the sleep cycle are called [Blank], while the fourth stage is called [Blank] Answer: non-rapid eye movement sleep, rapid-eye movement sleep (REM)

Question: The N1 stage of sleep is dominated by [Brain waves] Answer: theta waves

Question: Three phenomena that can occur during [Sleep stage] are hypnagonic hallucinations, the tetris effect, and hypnic jerks Answer: N1 sleep

Question: Three phenomena that can occur during N1 sleep are [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: hypnagonic hallucinations, the tetris effect, and hypnic jerks

Question: [Blank] are hearing/seeing things that aren't there during N1 sleep they typically can be very frightening Answer: Hypnagogic hallucinations

Question: [Blank] is when you devote so much time to an activity during the day that it begins to pattern your thoughts, mental images, and dreams. This is why when you fall asleep after a day at the amusement park you may feel as though you are still riding the rides as you fall asleep Answer: The tetris effect

Question: [Blank] are muscle twitches you sometimes experience as you fall asleep its the feeling of falling during sleep that everyone fuckin hates Answer: Hypnic jerks

Question: [Sleep stage] is associated with theta waves, sleep spindles, and K-complexes Answer: N2 stage sleep

Question: N2 stage sleep is associated with [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: theta waves, sleep spindles, and K-complexes

Question: [Blank] are bursts of brain activity during sleep to inhibit certain perceptions and to maintain a tranquil state Answer: Sleep spindles

Question: Sleep spindles are [Blank] during sleep to inhibit certain perceptions and to maintain a tranquil state Answer: bursts of brain activity

Question: Sleep spindles are bursts of brain activity during sleep to [Blank] and to [Blank] Answer: inhibit certain perceptions and to maintain a tranquil state

Question: [Blank] supress cortical arousal to keep you asleep and aid in encoding declerative/explicit memories They are the reason you won't wake up if someone lightly touches you. Your brain recognizes the touch as non-threatening and keeps you asleep Answer: K-complexes

Question: K-complexes [Blank] and [Blank] They are the reason you won't wake up if someone lightly touches you. Your brain recognizes the touch as non-threatening and keeps you asleep Answer: supress cortical arousal to keep you asleep and aid in encoding declerative/explicit memories

Question: [Blank] is associated with slow wave sleep, declerative memory storage, delta waves, and sleepwalking/sleeptalking Answer: N3 stage of sleep

Question: N3 stage of sleep is associated with [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: slow wave sleep, declerative memory storage, delta waves, and sleepwalking/sleeptalking

Question: Most dreaming occurs during [sleep stage] Answer: REM sleep

Question: REM sleep is important for [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: memory consolidation and forming episodic memories

Question: REM sleep contains [Brain Waves] Answer: alpha, beta, and dyssynchronous (similar to beta) waves

Question: REM sleep is also called [Blank] because it has brain activity similar to being awake Answer: paradoxical sleep

Question: REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because [Blank] Answer: it has brain activity similar to being awake

Question: The order within a sleep cycle goes from [Blank] Answer: N1 --> N2 --> N3 --> N2 --> REM --> N1

Question: [Blank] are regular body rhythms across a 24-hour period Answer: Circadian rhythms

Question: Circadian rhythms are controlled by [hormone] Answer: melatonin

Question: Melatonin is secreted by the [Blank] Answer: pineal gland

Question: Activity in the [Brain region] is decreased during REM sleep This explains why dreams can defy logic, as the prefrontal cortex is responsible for logical thinking Answer: prefrontal cortex

Question: Sigmund Freud stated that dreams are [Blank] Answer: unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted

Question: Evolutionary biologists believe dreams are [Blank] Answer: a threat simulation to prepare for the real world

Question: According to Freud, the literal meaning of our dream is known as [Blank] Ex: a monster is chasing you Answer: Manifest content

Question: According to Freud, the hidden meaning of our dream is known as [Blank] Ex: Monster chasing you could represent your job pushing you out Answer: Latent content

Question: [Blank] states that dreams are just our brain interpreting random neural impulses from the brainstem (pons) since the impulses are random, dreams might not have any meaning Answer: The activation synthesis hypothesis

Question: The activation synthesis hypothesis states that dreams are [Blank] since the impulses are random, dreams might not have any meaning Answer: just our brain interpreting random neural impulses from the brainstem (pons)

Question: People with sleep deprivation are more susceptible to [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: poor memory, poor attention, obesity, and depression

Question: Babies need [more or less] sleep than adults Answer: more

Question: [Blank] is persistent trouble falling asleep or staying asleep Answer: Insomnia

Question: Treatments for insomnia include [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: medication, psychological training, and lifestyle changes

Question: [Blank] is when individuals can't help themselves from falling asleep Answer: Narcolepsy

Question: [Blank] is when you stop breathing while sleeping and your body realizes this and wakes up just long enough to gasp for air, then fall back asleep without realizing Answer: Sleep apnea

Question: Indications of sleep apnea include [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: snoring and morning fatigue after full night sleep

Question: Hypnosis is an example of an [Blank] Answer: induced state of consciousness

Question: People that undergo hypnotism are typically [Blank] and exhibit [brain waves] Answer: more susceptible to suggestion and alpha waves

Question: During hypnotism, [Blank] are memories that incorporate hypnotizers expectations even when not intended Answer: false memories

Question: During hypnotism, false memories are memories that [Blank] Answer: incorporate hypnotizers expectations even when not intended

Question: [Blank] is training to self-regulate your attention and awareness Answer: Meditation

Question: People who regularly meditate [effect of regular meditation] Answer: have more control over their attention

Question: [Blank] drugs can alter our consciousness and perception Answer: Psychoactive

Question: Psychoactive drugs can alter our [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: consciousness and perception

Question: The four classes of psychoactive drugs include [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and opiates/opiods

Question: The common depressant drugs are [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines

Question: Common effects of depressants include [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: decreasing CNS activity, decreased HR, decreased BP, decreased processing speed, and vasodilation at low concentrations/vasoconstriction at high concentrations

Question: [Drug] are used to induce sleep and reduce anxiety Answer: Barbiturates

Question: Barbiturates are used to [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: induce sleep and reduce anxiety

Question: [Drug] effects: enhance the brains response to GABA, induce sleep, and reduce anxiety Answer: Benzodiazepine

Question: Benzodiazepine effects: [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: enhance the brains response to GABA, induce sleep, and reduce anxiety

Question: [Blank] are drugs that excite the CNS, increase HR, increase BP, and vasodilate Answer: Stimulants

Question: Stimulants are drugs that [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: excite the CNS, increase HR, increase BP, and vasodilate

Question: The common stimulants include [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: caffeine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, MDMA, cocaine, and nicotine

Question: [Blank] are drugs that distort perceptions, dilate pupils, heighten sensations, increase connectedness, and cause moodswings Answer: Hallucinogens

Question: Hallucinogens are drugs that [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: distort perceptions, dilate pupils, heighten sensations, increase connectedness, and cause moodswings

Question: Opiods are [Natural/Synthetic] Opiates are [Natural/Synthetic] Answer: synthetic, natural

Question: [Drug class] effects: decrease CNS function, decrease HR, decrease BP, act as analgesics, and vasodilate Answer: Opiods

Question: Opiods effects: [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: decrease CNS function, decrease HR, decrease BP, act as analgesics, and vasodilate

Question: [Drug class] can act like an analgesic to reduce perception of pain Answer: Opiods

Question: Cannabis(Marijuana) can act as a [Blank], [Blank], or [Blank] Answer: hallucinogen, depressant, or stimulant

Question: MDMA can act as a [Blank] or [Blank] Answer: stimulant or hallucinogen

Question: Adverse side effects of [Blank] include reduced [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: barbiturates, memory, judgement, and concentration

Question: [Blank] is a synthetic opiod used to help in addiction and getting individuals off opiods Answer: Methadone

Question: Methadone is a synthetic opiod used to [Blank] Answer: help in addiction and getting individuals off opiods

Question: [Drug] effects: inhibits adenosine receptors and can disrupt sleep Answer: Caffeine

Question: Caffeine effects: [Blank] and can [Blank] Answer: inhibits adenosine receptors and can disrupt sleep

Question: [Drug] effects: increase HR, increase BP, acetylcholine receptor agonist, disrupt sleep, and surpress appetite Answer: Nicotine

Question: Nicotine effects: [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: increase HR, increase BP, acetylcholine receptor agonist, disrupt sleep, and surpress appetite

Question: Nicotine is a CNS [stimulant or depressant] Answer: stimulant

Question: Nicotine acts in the nervous system as [where it binds] Answer: an acetylcholine receptor agonist

Question: [Blank] causes the brain to release dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine Answer: Cocaine

Question: Cocaine causes the brain to release [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

Question: Cocaine user typically experience [Blank] after use Answer: a crash

Question: [Blank] effects: release dopamine, block dopamine reuptake, and cause feelings of euphoria Answer: Amphetamines/Methamphetamines

Question: Amphetamines/Methamphetamines effects: [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: release dopamine, block dopamine reuptake, and cause feelings of euphoria

Question: MDMA a.k.a [Blank] a.k.a [Blank] Answer: Ecstasy, Molly

Question: MDMA is associated with [Blank] [Blank] [Blank] [Blank] Answer: increased dopamine, serotonin, and euphoria, high BP and body temperature, hallucinations, damaging serotonin releasing neurons

Question: [Blank] can damage neurons that produce serotonin Answer: MDMA

Question: MDMA can damage [Blank] Answer: neurons that produce serotonin

Question: LSD effects: [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: causes hallucinations and interfere with serotonin

Question: Active chemical in marijuana is [Blank] Answer: THC

Question: Marijuana effects: [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: Impair motor functions, heighten sensations, disrupt memory, and reduces pain

Question: [Drug Class] can be used to help in PTSD treatment This can allow individuals to visualize and come to terms with painful memories Answer: Hallucinogens

Question: Hallucinogens can be used to help in [Blank] treatment This can allow individuals to visualize and come to terms with painful memories Answer: PTSD

Question: [Blank] is the bodys maintanence of temperature, heartbeat, metabolism, etc Answer: Homeostasis

Question: The brain maintains homeostasis when taking drugs by [Blank] Example: If amphetamines increase HR, your brain will try to decrease your HR Answer: attempting to counteract their effects

Question: [Blank] is when your brain preemptively prepares for a drug that isn't administered Your body is BELOW homeostasis Ex: You take cocaine at 9 a.m everyday. If you missed a 9 am snort-sesh, your brain already lowered homeostatic levels to account for the early morning blow. Now you fuckin crash Answer: A crash

Question: [Blank] can occur when you take your normal level of drugs under new conditions without your body preparing Answer: An Overdose

Question: The three routes of drug entry include [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: oral, injection, and inhalation

Question: [Method of drug entry] is ingesting something Answer: Oral drug entry

Question: Slowest method of drug entry is through [Method of drug entry] Answer: oral methods

Question: [Method of drug entry] is breathing or snorting or smoking Answer: Inhalation

Question: [Method of drug entry] is intravenous entry Answer: Injection

Question: [Method of drug entry] is when a drug is absorbed through the skin Answer: Transdermal entry

Question: [Method of drug entry] is when a drug is delivered through a needle in the muscle Answer: Intramuscular

Question: The fastest route of drug entry is [Blank] Answer: intramuscular

Question: Faster route of drug entry = [effect] Answer: more addictive potential

Question: The neurotransmitter associated with the reward pathway is [Blank] Answer: dopamine

Question: [Blank] is produced in the brain region in the midbrain for use in the mesolimbic system Answer: Dopamine

Question: Dopamine is produced in the [ventral tegmental area] in the midbrain for use in the mesolimbic system Answer: ventral tegmental area

Question: In the reward pathway, [Blank] acts on the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus Mnemonic: We are all PHANs of dopamine Answer: dopamine

Question: In the reward pathway, dopamine acts on the [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Mnemonic: We are all PHANs of dopamine Answer: amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus

Question: The mesolimbic pathway includes the [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus

Question: In the reward pathway, the amygdala controls [Blank] ex: I love this cake. I am happy eating this cake Answer: emotion

Question: In the reward pathway, the hippocampus controls [Blank] ex. Where am I right now eating this cake? Who am I with? Lets remember this dope ass time Answer: memory

Question: In the reward pathway, the nucleus accumbens controls [Blank] ex: let's move our hand and take another bite of this bomb ass cake Answer: motor function

Question: In the reward pathway, the prefrontal cortex controls [Blank] ex: I am putting attention on this bomb ass cake im eating Answer: attention

Question: In the reward pathway, when dopamine [increases/decreases], serotonin [increases/decreases] Answer: increases, decreases

Question: Serotonin is associated with [Blank] hence why serotonin goes down in the reward pathway YOU ALWAYS BE WANTING MORE REWARD NEVER SATISFIED Answer: feelings of satiation

Question: Addiction can be explained by both [Blank] and [Blank] factors Answer: genetic and environmental

Question: [Blank] is when you get used to a drug so you need more of it to achieve the same effect Answer: Tolerance

Question: [Blank] is when you are tolerant to a novel drug because of a similar CNS pathway to a drug you are already tolerant for Answer: Cross tolerance

Question: Cross tolerance is when [Blank] Answer: you are tolerant to a novel drug because of a similar CNS pathway to a drug you are already tolerant for

Question: If you go through a period of not having a drug, you experience [Blank] Answer: withdrawal

Question: Signs of drug addiction include [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: tolerance and needing drug to feel normal

Question: [Blank] is when a drug enters the body and exerts its effects Intoxication is specific to the drug type alcohol = drunk weed = high Answer: Intoxication

Question: The two stages to withdrawal are [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: acute and post-acute

Question: [Blank] withdrawal lasts a few weeks and has many physical withdrawal symptoms Answer: Acute

Question: Acute withdrawal lasts [Blank] and has [Blank] Answer: a few weeks and has many physical withdrawal symptoms

Question: [Blank] withdrawal has less physical symptoms and more emotional/psychological symptoms Answer: Post-acute

Question: Post-acute withdrawal has [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: less physical symptoms and more emotional/psychological symptoms

Question: Post-acute withdrawal usually lasts [time frame] Answer: two years

Question: [Disorder] are conditions that are caused by substances Answer: Substance-induced disorders

Question: [Disorder] occur when using a drug causes serious impairment of functioning in life, work, school, home, etc. Answer: Substance-use-disorders

Question: Substance-use-disorders occur when using a drug causes [Blank] Answer: serious impairment of functioning in life, work, school, home, etc.

Question: Signs of a substance-use-disorder [Blank] [Blank] [Blank] [Blank] Answer: Using increasingly large amounts, Stronger Cravings, Failing life obligations, Withdrawal

Question: [Blank] is the only drug we can't develop substance-use disorder for Answer: Caffeine

Question: [Blank] activates opiate receptors slowly and dampens the high to aid in addiction treatment Answer: Methadone

Question: [Blank] treatments requires residence at a hospital or treatment facility Answer: Inpatient

Question: [Blank] treatments allow patients to live at home and come in for treatment Answer: Outpatient

Question: [Treatment method] is psychological treatment for drug addiction Answer: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Question: Cognitive behavioral therapy addresses [Blank] and [Blank] components to addiction. Benefits of CBT: [Blank] [Blank] [Blank] Answer: cognitive, behavioral, more positive thoughts, coping mechanisms, long lasting results

Question: [Blank] involves working with patients to find intrinsic motivation to change. Very focused and goal directed therapy Answer: Motivational interviewing

Question: Motivational interviewing involves working with patients to [Blank]. Very focused and goal directed therapy Answer: find intrinsic motivation to change

Question: Group meetings can be categorized into three main steps: [Blank] [Blank] [Blank] 1. acknowledge addiction is a problem that you cant control on your own 2. give yourself up to a higher power and accept help offered through that power and group 3. Involve youreself in meetings and activities to help yourself and other addicts Answer: Acceptance, Surrender, Active involvement

Question: [Blank] is when a patient slips back and returns to a drug they were addicted to Answer: Repalse

Question: Relapse is more likely to occur when [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: the substance is more addictive and patients encounter things that they associate with the drug

Question: [Blank] occurs when an individual must perform two tasks which require attention simultaneously This theory also states that attention is a limited resource, so you switch between tasks rather than multitasking Answer: Divided attention

Question: Divided attention occurs when an individual must perform two tasks which require attention simultaneously This theory also states that attention is a [Blank], so you switch between tasks rather than multitasking Answer: limited resource

Question: [Blank] is the focusing of attention on an object by two seperate individuals Answer: Joint attention

Question: [Blank] is when attention is focused sustainably on a single task Answer: Directed attention

Question: [Blank] is when you focus/concentrate on something at the exclusion of other stimuli in the environment Answer: Attention

Question: Attention is when you [Blank] Answer: focus/concentrate on something at the exclusion of other stimuli in the environment

Question: [Blank] is the ability to maintain attention while being presented with interfering stimuli Answer: Selective attention

Question: Selective attention is the ability to [Blank] Answer: maintain attention while being presented with interfering stimuli

Question: The two types of cues that direct our attention are [Blank] and [Blank] cues. exogeneous = external endogenous = internal Answer: exogenous and endogenous

Question: [Blank] are cues that we don't have to tell ourself to look for in order to capture attention. includes things like bright colors, loud noises, etc Answer: Exogenous cues

Question: Exogenous cues are cues that [Blank]. includes things like bright colors, loud noises, etc Answer: we don't have to tell ourself to look for in order to capture attention

Question: Exogenous cues are driven by [Blank] processing Endogenous cues are driven by [Blank] processing Answer: bottom-up, top-down

Question: [Type of cue] require internal knowledge to understand the cue. Answer: Endogenous cues

Question: Endogenous cues require [Blank] Answer: internal knowledge to understand the cue

Question: The cocktail party effect is an example of an [Blank] cue. It is the ability to concentrate on our name when it is called, even in crowds Answer: endogenous

Question: The cocktail party effect is an example of an endogenous cue. It is the ability to [Blank] Answer: concentrate on our name when it is called, even in crowds

Question: [Blank] is when we aren't aware of things in our visual field when our attention is directed elsewhere in that field "example: that old ""count the passes"" video where you miss the gorilla strolling through" Answer: In-attentional blindness

Question: In-attentional blindness is when [Blank] Answer: we aren't aware of things in our visual field when our attention is directed elsewhere in that field

Question: [Blank] is failing to notice a change in the environment as a result of selective attention example of change-blindness experiment Answer: Change-blindness

Question: Change-blindness is [Blank] Answer: failing to notice a change in the environment as a result of selective attention

Question: [Type of stimuli] are objects and events out in the world around you Answer: Distal stimuli

Question: Distal stimuli are [Blank] Answer: objects and events out in the world around you

Question: [Type of stimuli] are the patterns of stimuli from objects and events that reach your senses example: the light that hits your retina Answer: Proximal stimuli

Question: Proximal stimuli are the [Blank] Answer: patterns of stimuli from objects and events that reach your senses

Question: [Blank] is the act of bringing the spotlight of attention on an object or event without body or eye movement Answer: Covert orienting

Question: [Blank] is the act of bringing the spotlight of attention on an object or event by moving the body to maximize sensory impact mnemonic: You have to move your body OVER (overt) Answer: Overt orienting

Question: [Blank] occurs when attention is attracted by the motion of an object or stimulus Answer: Attentional capture

Question: [Blank] occurs when damage to the brain causes a patient to fail to be aware of items to one side of space. Answer: Neglect syndrome

Question: Neglect syndrome occurs when damage to the brain causes a patient to [Blank] Answer: fail to be aware of items to one side of space

Question: [Brain structure] is the main cholinergic (acetylcholine) output of the central nervous system Answer: The basal forebrain

Question: The basal forebrain is [Blank] Answer: the main cholinergic (acetylcholine) output of the central nervous system

Question: [Blank] is attention involved in goal directed behavior, monitoring internal conflicts, and anticipating the effects of behavior. Answer: Executive attention

Question: Executive attention is attention involved in [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: goal directed behavior, monitoring internal conflicts, and anticipating the effects of behavior

Question: [Blank] is an experiment where people are told to repeat everything said in one ear and ignore the other. Answer: Shadowing task

Question: Shadowing task is an experiment where [Blank] Answer: people are told to repeat everything said in one ear and ignore the other

Question: [Blank] proposed that stimuli go into a sensory register --> selective filter --> perceptually processed --> conscious Problem is that you shouldn't be able to hear your name like you do in the cocktail party effect if non-important stuff gets filtered out Answer: Broadbent's early selection theory

Question: Broadbent's early selection theory proposed that stimuli [Blank] Answer: go into a sensory register --> selective filter --> perceptually processed --> conscious

Question: [Theory] state that stimuli enters the sensory register --> perceptual process --> selective filter --> conscious The problem with this is that it would take too much energy to process all the information that we recieve before filtering it MNEMONIC: The Dutch Pay Attention To Everything!!! so everything is perceptually processed Answer: Deutch and Deutch's Late Selection Theory

Question: Deutch and Deutch's Late Selection Theory state that stimuli [Blank] Answer: enters the sensory register --> perceptual process --> selective filter --> conscious

Question: [Blank] states that stimuli enter the sensory register --> attenuator --> perceptual process --> conscious the attenuator replaces the selective filter and allows the ATTENDED message to be processed to a greater extent than the UNATTENDED message Mnemonic: Treisman aTTenuates Answer: Treisman's Attenuation Theory

Question: Treisman's Attenuation Theory states that stimuli [Blank] Answer: enter the sensory register --> attenuator --> perceptual process --> conscious

Question: [Model] states that we take info from 5 senses but don't pay attention to everything Answer: The spotlight model of attention

Question: The spotlight model of attention states that [Blank] Answer: we take info from 5 senses but don't pay attention to everything

Question: [Blank] is where exposure to one stimulus affects our response to a future stimulus. example: we are primed to respond to our name Answer: Priming

Question: Priming is where [Blank] Answer: exposure to one stimulus affects our response to a future stimulus

Question: [Blank] states that attention is a limited resource and humans are bad at multitasking Answer: The resource model of attention

Question: The resource model of attention states that [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: attention is a limited resource and humans are bad at multitasking

Question: The three things that influence our ability to multitask: [Blank] [Blank] [Blank] more similar the tasks, the harder it is more difficult the tasks, the harder it is more practice doing the tasks, the easier it is Answer: Task similarity, Task difficulty, Practice

Question: Multitasking is [more/less] efficient than working on a single task Answer: less

Question: [Model] states that we get inputs from environment, process the inputs, and output decisions. our mind works like a computer Answer: The information processing model

Question: The information processing model states that we [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: get inputs from environment, process the inputs, and output decisions

Question: The information processing model is driven by [bottom-up] processing it is stimulus driven! THINK ABOUT IT, it requires an input from the environment Answer: bottom-up

Question: [Blank] is a temporary register of all information your senses are taking in Answer: The sensory register

Question: The sensory register includes [Blank] and [Blank] memory Answer: iconic and echoic

Question: Iconic memory is [Blank] and lasts [Blank] Echoic memory is [Blank] and lasts [Blank] Answer: what you see and lasts half a second, what you hear and lasts a few seconds

Question: Working memory AKA [Blank] Answer: short-term memory

Question: [Working memory] includes sensory information you actually process and consists of what you are thinking about in the moment. Answer: Working memory

Question: Working memory includes [Blank] and consists of [Blank] Answer: sensory information you actually process and what you are thinking about in the moment

Question: [Blank] states that we are better at remembering things at the beginning and end of a list primacy and recency effects Answer: The serial position effect

Question: The serial position effect states that [Blank] Answer: we are better at remembering things at the beginning and end of a list

Question: Visuo-spatial sketchpad is where [Blank] and [Blank] info are processed Answer: visual and spatial

Question: The phonological loop is where [Blank] is processed, including [Blank] Answer: verbal information, any words or numbers

Question: The central executive is used to [Blank] Answer: coordinate the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the phonological loop

Question: [Blank] acts as a connecter for information to be stored in long-term memory Answer: The episodic buffer

Question: [Blank] states its easier to remember words associated with images. Answer: The duel coding hypothesis

Question: [Blank] is imagining moving through an imaginary place with visual representations of topics to be remembered Answer: The method of loci

Question: Long-term memory includes [Blank] AKA [Blank] and [Blank] AKA [Blank] memory Answer: explicit AKA declerative and implicit AKA non-declarative

Question: [Blank] memories are facts/events you can clearly describe Answer: Explicit

Question: Explicit memories are [Blank] Answer: facts/events you can clearly describe

Question: [Blank] memory is remembering simple facts like meanings of words Answer: Semantic

Question: [Blank] memory is event-related memories think like birthdays and holidays and shit Answer: Episodic

Question: Episodic memory is [Blank] think like birthdays and holidays and shit Answer: event-related

Question: Explicit memory includes both [Blank] and [Blank] memory Answer: semantic and episodic

Question: [Blank] memory is when previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of previous experiences. example: riding a bike Answer: Implicit

Question: Implicit memory includes [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: priming, procedural memory, and habits

Question: Implicit memory is [unconscious] Answer: unconscious

Question: [Blank] is long-term memory for actions or habits (riding a bike) Answer: Procedural memory

Question: [Blank] is when exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus Answer: Priming

Question: [Blank] is when prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus Answer: Negative priming

Question: [Blank] is when prior exposure to a stimulus speeds of processing by simply experiencing the stimulus Answer: Positive priming

Question: [Blank] is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individuals life includes episodic and semantic memory Answer: Autobiographical memory

Question: [Blank] is transferring information from the working memory to long-term memory Answer: Encoding

Question: Encoding is [Blank] Answer: transferring information from the working memory to long-term memory

Question: [Blank] is enhanced memory when recalling information takes place under same conditions as learning do better taking test drunk if you studied drunk Answer: Encoding specificity

Question: Encoding specificity is enhanced memory when [Blank] Answer: recalling information takes place under same conditions as learning

Question: [Blank] is saying the same thing over and over to remember it better Answer: Rote rehearsal

Question: The least effective encoding strategy is [Blank] Answer: rote rehearsal

Question: [Blank] is grouping information into categories to remember it better example: group your shopping list into categories Answer: Chunking

Question: [Blank] is verbal anchors linking words that rhyme with the number they rhyme with to encode better Answer: Pegword system

Question: [Blank] is an encoding technique where each letter of a word you know stands for something ex: SNoW DRoP for blotting techniques Answer: Acronym

Question: [Blank] is tying new information to yourself to remember it better Answer: Self-referencing

Question: [Blank] is spreading out study sessions instead of cramming to encode information better Answer: Spacing

Question: [Blank] is pulling something out of long-term memory and bring it into conscious memory Answer: Retrieval

Question: Retrieval is [Blank] Answer: pulling something out of long-term memory and bring it into conscious memory

Question: The three most important retrieval cues are [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: priming, context, and state-dependency

Question: The retrieval cue of priming is [Blank] example: reading a story about rabbits, then someone mentions the word HAIR. You are more likely to think HARE. Answer: prior activation of nodes/associations without our awareness

Question: The retrieval cue of context states that [Blank] example: studying in the same room you take a test can improve recall Answer: it is easier to remember something if you are in the same environment you encoded it in

Question: The retrieval cue of state-dependency states that [Blank] ex: If you learn something drunk, you will remember it better drunk Answer: you can remember things better when you are in the same mood you encoded the information

Question: [Blank] involves no cues in recalling Answer: Free recall

Question: [Blank] involves extra clues to help in recall Answer: Cued recall

Question: [Blank] is a type of recall involved in remembering something you just saw "Recognition is also the EASIEST way to recall information Example: I show you a list and say ""was bacon or peanut butter on the list"" and you say bacon. EASY SHIT" Answer: Recognition

Question: [Blank] causes inaccurate recollections of an event Ex: Experiment done where participants watched a car stop at a yield sign. After the video, participants were given a written description on what happened, and some of the descriptions included false information about the car stopping saying that the car stopped at a stop sign instead of a yield sign. Those who got the false information, more likely claimed the car stopped at a stop sign than the yield sign. Answer: False information

Question: [Blank] is phrasing things in such a way that it leads your recall in a certain direction Ex: Participants watched a traffic safety video in which they observed a car crash, and then then participants were asked questions on what happened and the key question was “how fast cars were the cars going when they hit each other” “Some people got the question with the word “hit” and some got “smash”. Those participants who received the question with the word “smashed”, they were more likely to say there was glass on the ground in the video (even though there was not any glass on the ground) Answer: Misleading information

Question: [Blank] is being able to recall the source of a piece of information Answer: Source monitoring

Question: Source monitoring is being able to [Blank] Answer: recall the source of a piece of information

Question: [Blank] are when you can recall a piece of information but attribute it to the wrong source by mistake Answer: Source monitoring errors

Question: [Blank] is when you can remember a piece of information but can't remember where it came from Answer: Source amnesia

Question: [Blank] are very vivid memories formed during an emotionally arousing event Answer: Flashbulb memories

Question: Flashbulb memories are [Blank] Answer: very vivid memories formed during an emotionally arousing event

Question: Inattention is [bad] for memory Inattention is bad. This is why you have trouble recalling stuff from boring ass lectures Answer: bad

Question: [Blank] is when connections between neurons strengthen to improve recall/memory Answer: Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question: Long-term potentiation (LTP) is when [Blank] Answer: connections between neurons strengthen to improve recall/memory

Question: [Blank] is when we can't recall a piece of information anymore Answer: Decay

Question: Memory decay can be caused by [Blank] or [Blank] Answer: not encoding the memory well enough or not retrieving it for a while

Question: [Ebbinghaus] was the first person to look at decay in human memory Answer: Ebbinghaus

Question: You can tell if someone has learnt something before after memory decay based on how quickly they [Blank]. This memory foundation is known as Savings. This means there was a foundation of memory that existed even if the individual couldn't produce it Answer: relearn the information

Question: The two types of memory interference are [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: retroactive and proactive

Question: [Retroactive] interference is when new learning impairs old information example: writing your new address a bunch makes it harder to remember your old address Answer: Retroactive

Question: Retroactive interference is when [Blank] Answer: new learning impairs old information

Question: [Proactive] interference is when old information impairs new learning example: harder to learn new password after using an old one for a long time Answer: Proactive

Question: Proactive interference is when [Blank] Answer: old information impairs new learning

Question: The cognitive abilities that are stable with age include [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: implicit memory and recognition

Question: The cognitive abilities that improve with age are [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] Answer: semantic memory, crystallized IQ, and emotional reasoning

Question: The cognitive abilities that decline with age are [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], [Blank] and [Blank] mnemonic: You will DECLINE if you arent PREP'D Answer: recall, episodic memory, processing speed, divided attention and prospective memory

Question: [Blank] is the ability to use acquired knowledge and experience Answer: Crystallized IQ

Question: Crystallized IQ is the ability to use [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: acquired knowledge and experience

Question: Prospective memory is [Blank] Heres a picture of the prospector Enjoy Answer: remembering to do things in the future

Question: [Blank] is a term for decline in memory and cognitive functions to the point of interfering with daily life Answer: Dementia

Question: Dementia is a term for decline in [Blank] and [Blank] to the point of interfering with daily life Answer: memory and cognitive functions

Question: The most common form of dementia is [Alzheimer's Disease] Answer: Alzheimer's Disease

Question: Alzheimer's is associated with [a buildup of amyloid plaques in the brain] Answer: a buildup of amyloid plaques in the brain

Question: Alzheimer's patients initially begin with [Blank] that progresses into [Blank] Answer: trouble with short term memory that progresses into problems with long-term memory

Question: [Korsakoff's syndrome] is caused by a lack of vitamin B1 (thiamine) Answer: Korsakoff's syndrome

Question: Korsakoff's syndrome is caused by [a lack of vitamin B1 (thiamine)] Answer: a lack of vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Question: Korsakoff's syndrome is associated with individuals who are [Blank] or [Blank] Answer: malnourished or alcoholics

Question: [Blank] is a precursor to Korsakoff's syndrome Answer: Wernicke's encephalopathy

Question: Symptoms of wernicke's encephalopathy: [Blank] [Blank] [Blank] [Blank] mnemonic: I want a Bacon Egg and Cheese, Mom (balance, eye movements, confusion, memory) Answer: poor balance, abnormal eye movements, mild confusion, memory loss

Question: Common symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome include [Blank] and [Blank] Confabulations are when patients make up stories to fill in memory gaps Answer: severe memory loss and confabulation

Question: Korsakoff's Syndrome and Wernicke's encephalopathy are NOT [Blank] this means that if people are diagnosed and treated, they can get better. Answer: progressive

Question: Retrograde amnesia is [Blank] Answer: inability to recall previously encoded information

Question: Anterograde amnesia is [Blank] Answer: inability to encode new memories

Question: [Blank] are concepts organized in your mind as connected ideas closely related ideas are closer together while less closely related ideas are further apart Answer: Semantic networks

Question: Semantic networks are [Blank] Answer: concepts organized in your mind as connected ideas

Question: [Blank] is the idea that we store concepts from broad categories to lower order categories Answer: Hierarchical semantic network

Question: [Blank] is the idea that concepts in differing individuals semantic networks are linked differently Answer: Modified semantic network

Question: [Blank] says that all ideas in the brain are connected and that pulling up one memory can also activate similar memories Example: saying animal activates mammal and bird, etc. This makes it easier to retrieve other information related to animal Answer: Spreading activation

Question: Spreading activation says that all ideas in the brain [Blank] Answer: are connected and that pulling up one memory can also activate similar memories

Question: The order of Piagets stages of development are [Blank] mnemonic: Some Pussy Cats Fart Answer: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question: Sensorimotor stage characteristics: between ages [Blank] associated with [Blank] and [Blank] object permanence is when infants realize object still exist when they cant see them Answer: 0-2, object permanence and stranger anxiety

Question: Infant's in the sensorimotor stage gather information through [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: senses (sight, smell, taste, touch) and motor function (learn how to move your body around)

Question: Preoperational stage characteristics Occurs between ages [Blank] Associated with [Blank], [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] egocentrism is when children can only understand things from their own point of view. ex: kid sits in front of you watching TV and doesn't understand that you cant see it because they can Answer: 2-6/7, pretend play, egocentrism, beginning to understand symbols, and beginning to talk

Question: Concrete operational stage occurs between ages [Blank] associated with [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] conservation is when kids can tell that a short glass and a tall glass can have the same amount of water despite different heights. Answer: 7-11, conservation, empathy, and math skills

Question: Formal operational stage occurs between ages [Blank] associated with [Blank], [Blank], and [Blank] children begin to think like adults at this stage and continue to develop that overtime Answer: 12+, abstract thinking, reasoning through consequences, and moral reasoning

Question: [Blank] are mental-models/frameworks used to organize and interpret new information Answer: Schemas

Question: Schemas are [Blank] Answer: mental-models/frameworks used to organize and interpret new information

Question: [Blank] is when we incorporate new information into an existing schema mnemonic: aSSimilation = Same Schema Answer: Assimilation

Question: Assimilation is when we [Blank] Answer: incorporate new information into an existing schema

Question: [Blank] is when we create new schemas or adjust our schema's to incorporate new information mnemonic: aCComodation = Change or Create schema Answer: Accomodation

Question: Accomodation is when we [Blank] Answer: create new schemas or adjust our schema's to incorporate new information

Question: [Blank] is when we move from a current state to a goal state Answer: Problem solving

Question: [Well-defined] problems are problems with [Blank] Answer: a clear starting and end point

Question: Well-defined problems are problems with [Blank] Answer: a clear starting and end point

Question: [Ill-defined] problems are problems with [Blank] Answer: an ambiguous starting and end point

Question: Ill-defined problems are problems with [Blank] Answer: an ambiguous starting and end point

Question: The [trial + error] method of problem solving is [Blank] Answer: taking random guesses until something works

Question: The trial + error method of problem solving is [Blank] Answer: taking random guesses until something works

Question: [Blank] are a problem solving method that includes a [Blank] Not the quickest way to solve problems!!!!!! but youll always find the correct solution example: rubiks cube algorithms. theoretically you could solve the cube in less turns, but algorithms will always get you to a solved state Answer: Algorithms, logical step-by-step approach that is guaranteed to find the correct solution eventually

Question: Algorithms are a problem solving method that includes a [Blank] Answer: logical step-by-step approach that is guaranteed to find the correct solution eventually

Question: [Blank] are mental shortcuts to find solutions to problems faster example: when guessing a password you guess someones birthday to cut down on random guesses Answer: Heuristics

Question: Heuristics are [Blank] Answer: mental shortcuts to find solutions to problems faster

Question: [Blank] is when we break down large problems into smaller problems and tackle the problem that has the most difference between the current state and goal state Ex. Planning a trip to a new country, biggest problem would be to get to the new country – so you book a plane ticket to a new country. Answer: The means-end analysis

Question: The means-end analysis is when we [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: break down large problems into smaller problems and tackle the problem that has the most difference between the current state and goal state

Question: [Blank] is when we start with a goal and use it to suggest connections back to the current state Answer: Working backwards

Question: [Blank] is relying on instinct to solve problems Answer: Intuition

Question: Intuition is [Blank] Answer: relying on instinct to solve problems

Question: The problem solving method with the highest chance of error is [Blank] Answer: intuition

Question: [Blank] is [problem solving definition] Answer: Fixation, getting stuck on a wrong approach to a problem

Question: Fixation is [getting stuck on a wrong approach to a problem] Answer: getting stuck on a wrong approach to a problem

Question: [Blank] is the "aha moment" of problem solving Answer: Insight

Question: Insight about a problem can often by achieved through [Blank] this is sitting on a problem for a while until you comprehend it kinda like if you sleep on something you might understand or see a solution the next day Answer: incubation

Question: Type I error = false [Blank] Type II error = false [Blank] Answer: positive, negative

Question: [Blank] is when we make a judgement of the desirability/probability of a certain outcome Answer: Decision making

Question: We use heuristics in decision making to [Blank] example: if you are asked what has the higher risk SHARK ATTACK or FIREWORK ACCIDENT you will probably say shark attack since shark attacks are popularized in media and JAWS and shit and they are scary and its easy (shortcut) to recall this information its actually firework accidents though Answer: make quick decisions based on prior knowledge

Question: [Blank] is a decision making heuristic where choices are based on [Blank] Answer: The availability heuristic, quick, easily accessible examples

Question: The availability heuristic is a decision making heuristic where choices are based on [Blank] Answer: quick, easily accessible examples

Question: [Blank] is a decision making heuristic where choices are based on the most representative answer based on prototypes Answer: Representativeness heuristic

Question: Representativeness heuristic is a [Blank] Answer: decision making heuristic where choices are based on the most representative answer based on prototypes

Question: [Blank] is when people tend to think the probability of two events occuring together is higher than just one example below: more likely for one of the two things to occur Answer: Conjuction fallacy

Question: Conjuction fallacy is when [Blank] Answer: people tend to think the probability of two events occuring together is higher than just one

Question: [Blank] is maintaining a belief despite new information that firmly contradicts it ex: believing evolution is false despite overwhelming evidence Answer: Belief perseverance

Question: Belief perseverance is [Blank] Answer: maintaining a belief despite new information that firmly contradicts it

Question: [Blank] is actively seeking out information that supports one's own beliefs Answer: Confirmation bias

Question: Confirmation bias is [Blank] Answer: actively seeking out information that supports one's own beliefs

Question: [Blank] is where people decide on options based on whether they are presented with positive or negative connotations Answer: The framing effect

Question: The framing effect is [Blank] Answer: where people decide on options based on whether they are presented with positive or negative connotations

Question: IQ stands for [Blank] Answer: intelligence quotient

Question: [Blank] is a mental quality that allows us to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations Answer: Intelligence

Question: IQ scores are scaled so the average person scores [Blank] Answer: 100

Question: [Blank] is the ability to perceive, understand, and manage and use emotions in interactions with others Answer: Emotional intelligence

Question: [Blank] is the ability to reason quickly and abstractly, such as when solving novel logic problems Answer: Fluid intelligence

Question: Fluid intelligence is the ability to [Blank] Answer: reason quickly and abstractly, such as when solving novel logic problems

Question: [Blank] involves using acquired knowledge and skills Answer: Crystallized intelligence

Question: Intelligence is dependent on both [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: genetics and environment

Question: Heritability of intelligence is studied through [Blank] do identical twins have same intelligence raised together vs apart? what about fraternal twins raised together vs apart? Answer: twin studies

Question: The [Blank] attitude towards intelligence states that intelligence is biologically set and unchanging Answer: fixed mindset

Question: The fixed mindset attitude towards intelligence states that [Blank] Answer: intelligence is biologically set and unchanging

Question: The [Blank] attitude towards intelligence states that intelligence is changeable if you learn more this mindset praises effort, perseverance, improvement, and strategies Answer: growth mindset

Question: The growth mindset attitude towards intelligence states that [Blank] Answer: intelligence is changeable if you learn more

Question: [Galton's idea of hereditary genius] states that human ability is hereditary Answer: Galton's idea of hereditary genius

Question: Galton's idea of hereditary genius states that [Blank] Answer: human ability is hereditary

Question: [Binet's idea of mental age] compares how children perform at a specific age compared to the average intelligence performance for that age Answer: Binet's idea of mental age

Question: [Blank] states that there is one general intelligence that depends on a g-factor g factor stands for general intelligence believes that people who are intelligent in one area are intelligent in other areas Answer: Spearman's Theory of General Intelligence

Question: Spearman's Theory of General Intelligence states that [Blank] Answer: there is one general intelligence that depends on a g-factor

Question: [Theory] states that their are 7 factors to intelligence that depend on eachother mnemonic: LL Cool J (thurstone) depends on his 7 bitches (of intelligence) Answer: LL. Thurnstone's Theory of Primary Mental Abilities

Question: LL. Thurnstone's Theory of Primary Mental Abilities states that [Blank] Answer: their are 7 factors to intelligence that depend on eachother

Question: [Theory] states that their are 7-9 independent intelligences mnemonic: Picture 7-9 spaced out stones in a Garden hence gardner and his independent (spaced out) theories Answer: Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Question: Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence states that [Blank] Answer: their are 7-9 independent intelligences

Question: [Theory] states that there are 3 independent intelligences (creative, analytical, and practical) that are based on real world success mnemonic: The CPA was STERN towards the orphan Answer: Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Question: Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence states that [Blank] Answer: there are 3 independent intelligences (creative, analytical, and practical) that are based on real world success

Question: The intelligence theory most heavily backed by research is [Blank] Answer: Spearman's Theory of General Intelligence

Question: Analytical intelligence is [Blank] Academic ability Answer: the ability to solve well defined problems

Question: Creative Intelligence is [Blank] and [Blank] Answer: the ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas

Question: Practical intelligence is [Blank] Ability to apply analytical and creative intelligence to real life scenarios Street smarts Answer: the ability to solve ill-defined problems