Ch. 6 Respiratory System part 10

Andrel cortex defects

Cushing syndrome AND ADDISON disease

Cushing syndrome:

over activity of adrenal cortex

Cushing syndrome sympotoms

-High aldosterone- leads to high Bp

-High cortisol-lipid accumulation— buffalo hump- bump by neck

-skin can become thin showing blood vessels due to lack of collagen

Addison disease due to

low aldosterone

Addison disease leads to

-Leads to Na+ low

-BP falls

-Causes craving for salt

-Abnormal skin pigmentation- dark skin on back of hand

largest digestive gland

pancreas

pancrease secretes

Try, Chymotrypsin, Pancreatic lipase,bicarbonate

Liver doesn't make any

digestive enzymes

Exocrine is where

part of pancrease that makes enzyme

exocrine part of pancrease has which cells

acinar cells

e endocrine portion of the pancreas is made up of t

islets of Langerhans.

islets of Langerhans secretes hormones

directly into the blood.

Alpha cells specifically produce

glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to release glucose (hyperglycemia)

. Glucagon helps maintain blood glucose levels

about 95 to 105 mg%

alpha cells does

glucagon,lipolysis,gluconegensis

lipolysis

breaking down fat

gluconeogenesis

converting amino acids to glucose

in gluconogensis what happens of aa

amino acids lose their amine group (deamination), releasing ammonia (NH3

The liver then converts that ammonia into

urea which leaves via urine

alpha-keto acids from amino acids can be

oxidized to generate ATP.

glycogenolysis

breaks down glycogen to release glucose

-process increases blood sugar

can you make fat into sugar

no

souce of insulin in pancrease

B cells

Insulin does what

lowers blood sugar (hypoglycemia

Insulin also promotes

promotes protein synthesis, storing excess nutrients.

-convert glucose into glycogen

-lipogenesis

lipogenesis

turning free fatty acids and glycerol into fat.

Lipolysis breaks down fat, releasing

glycerol and free fatty acids

Glycerol can be converted into _____ which can form______

o pyruvic acid, which then forms acetyl-CoA

acetyl-CoA

is used for Kreb Cycle for ATP production

Lipids are made of

glycerol and free fatty acids

Delta Cells in langherhands means

somatostatin

SRIF- inhibits

a brake that stops release of glucagon and insulin

Diabetes Mellitus Juvenile type

type 1: insulin dependent DM

people are born with in

-given insulin injection

-occur due to lack of insulin with no B cells to make it

-since Ig destroys b cells- autoimmue

-causes hyperglycemia and fat is borken down causing ketosis and ketonura and glycoursia

ketosis

leading to acidosis

is Type 1 DM expressed in roman numerals

no

ketouria

ketones in urine

Type 2 DM

adult onset

-occur due to insulin resistnance and receptor defect/desensitization

-insulin is present still

-leads to hyperglycemia

-fix with diet control

gestation diabetes seen in

-pregnancy

-mother's body becomes insulin resistant

gestation diabetes what occurs

glucose is less effectively used for her own energy needs, and instead, it's diverted to the baby's growth

-leads to mom depending on lipids for energy

what plays a big role in driving gestation diabetes insulin resistance

The placental hormone—human chorionic mammotropin (or placental lactogen

Thymus makes

thymosin

-important for T cell maturation

Pineal gland is made of

-pinealocytes, secretes melatonin

melatonin

which regulates sleep, acts as an antioxidant, and even influences reproductive hormone

reproductive gland testes makes

testosterone

ovaries make

estrogen and progesterone

sex steroids drive

secondary sex characteristics, gamete production, and regulate the reproductive cycl

sex steroids are

ovaries and testes

hormone in heart

-Atrial Natriuretic Factor- helps lower BP by promoting loss of Na+ and h20 loss

Placenta hormone

hCG

kidneys produce

erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production

The skin synthesizes

vitamin D3,

the liver produces

insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2)