Bio Lecture Exam 2

What is Energy

The capacity to do work

Energy is

never destroyed or disappears

Work is

moving matter aganist an opposing force

Plants are

Autotroph- make their own food source from the sun through photosynthesis

plants use

sun energy to crete food

Potenial Energy

Stored Energy

Kinetic Energy

Energy of Motion

Cells Control their chemicals through

Plamsa Membrane, enzymes, and energy

Biological Catlysts

Anything that speeds up the reaction without being apart of it

Enzymes

Lower activation energy

Activiation energy

Minimum amount of energy avabile to reactants for chemical reactions

Delta G

Products of energy - products of energy

Allosentic

Allosteric inhibition works
by indirectly inducing a
conformational change to
the active site such that
the substrate no longer
fits.

Metabolic pathways

are a series of reactions catalyzed by multiple enzymes.
Feedback inhibition, where the end product of the pathway inhibits an
upstream process

Adenosine Triphosphate

Structure of ATP: a two-ring adenine, five-
carbon ribose, and three phosphate groups

Chemical reactions

First must be captured in the bonds of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)

ATP and Cellular Work

acts like energy shuttle
– stores energy obtained from food
– releases it later as needed

Chemical Energy

Organic compounds: relatively rich in chemical
energy
❖ Chemical energy released by chemical reaction
GLUCOSE + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP + Heat
Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration grouped into three main stages

1. glycolysis,
2. citric acid cycle
3. electron transport

Sugar is stored in body as

Glocsadride

Glycolysis

universal energy-releasing
pathway

-
Glycolysis happens

-
occurs in Cytoplasm

In glycolysis

a glucose
A molecule is converted into
two pyruvate molecules

Citric Acid Cycle
-Output Per Glucose
• 6 NADH
• 2 FADH2
• 4 CO2
• 2 ATP

Pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA
before entering citric acid cycle

Cellular Respiration: Elctron Transport Oxidative
Phosphorylation -

Electron Transport and turning atp to glucose

Electron transport chain: set of molecules that supports a series of
oxidation-reduction reactions

Chemiosmosis: generates up to 32 ATP/glucose

Atp to glucose to adp

Maintenance of proton gradient across the membrane: critical for ATP production

Lactric Acid Fermentation

Common in Muscles that have been exhausted- example turned into c02

Egg has

23 pairs of Chromosomes

Sperm has

23 pair of Chromosomes

Humans have both

46 chromosomes

Haploid

One set of 23 chromosone cells

Diploid

Two sets of 23 chromosone cells so 46

One chormosomes with identical genes

chromatids

Cell cycle

the process of how long it takes cells to duplicate

skin cells have

the shortest cell cycle

Last cell is sex chormosone beacuse

It determines the gender

Somatic Cells

Cells on the body

Reproductive cells

Sex Cells

Mitosis- Cell Reproduction

Dulicating and spliting cells- Daugther Cells

Identicial Cells

Same dna

Sexual Reproduction

Two Partners with DNA using reprodution- Meosis

Meosis

egg fetiliztion

Asexual Reproduction

No partner needed- Mitosis

Mitosis

growth and matinece of cells on their own without partner

Cell cycle controls

Cell divison and regulates so there isnt massive cell growth

Excessive Cell division

Can cause tumors- which is cancer

Mitosis stands for

Poor men are teachers- Prophase, Prometaphase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase, Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis in animal Cells

Clevage like structure

Cytokinesis In Plant Cells

Cell plate splitting into 2 cell walls

Mitosis

Chromosones replicating

Cytokinesis

Dividing Cells

Fuction of Spindle Fibers

Centrameners- Line up and pull duplicate chromosones

What Important characteristics depend on mitioic cell divison

Growth, development, Repair