Quiz 1 chapter 6 & 18

The digestive tract is also called

alimentary canal

What is the largest endocrine organ in the body

GI tract

The GI tract includes

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Where do most digestive processes take place

small bowel

Where is amylase found

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

What is amylase?

It helps with digestion of carbohydrates

The stomach is divided into four regions

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

gastric rugae

Temporary falls or ridges along the mucosal lining of the stomach that occur when the stomach is relaxed

Optimal positions to visualize the stomach

RLD and supine

The small bowel is divided into three portions

1st duodenum

2nd jejunum

3rd ileum

Where is the duodenal bulb

By the pylorus

Brunner glands

found in the duodenum and secrete bicarbonate to help neutralize acidic chime from coming from the stomach

valvulae conniventes

Special prominent villi the keyboard sign is usually seen in the jejunum because it has more of these

large intestine

Has haustra

What are the parts of the large intestine

cecum,

appendix,

ascending,

transverse,

descending,

sigmoid colon,

right and left colic flexures

rectum,

anal canal

haustrum

small pouches caused by sacculation, which give the colon its segmented appearance

Gut signature layers that are echogenic

1st mucosa

3rd submuscosa

5th serosa

Gut Signature layers that are hypoechoic

2nd muscularis mucosa

4th muscularis propia

Normal variant gi tract

Meckel's diverticulum- a common congenital malformation in which the remnants of the vitelline duct projects from the side of the ileum

Remains of the prenatal yolk sac

What arteries supply the small and large intestines

celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric arteries

Where does the Venous return from the small and large intestines empty into?

Portal system

Gastrin

Hormone stimulating gastric acid secretion.

Cholecytokinin (CCK)

triggers gallbladder to release bile for the digestion of fat

intussusception

Disease of the bowel

Peristalsis

the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along

SBO

small bowel obstruction

3-6-9 rule

upper limit of normal diameter for different segments of bowel

Small bowel (3 cm), colon (6 cm), cecum (9 cm)

Lumen

The inside diameter of an artery or other hollow structure.

tanga sign

Triangles of fluid that are seen b/w loops of bowel

keyboard sign

sign of small bowel obstruction in jejunum

Ineffective peristalsis or none

The gut is attached by the

Mesentery

most muscular structure of GI tract

esophagus

pylorus divided into 3 parts...

pyloric antrum

pyloric canal

pyloric sphincter

Structures of the mesentery that support the stomach

-greater omentum

-gastrosplenic ligament

- gastrocolic ligament

-gastrophrenic ligament

greater omentum

part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines

lesser omentum

Structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

valvulae conniventes are also called

Valves of kerkring

Rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas) and posterior cul de sac

Area in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the uterus that is likely to accumulate free fluid

Body Divisions

Dorsal, ventral, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

serous fluid

Peritoneal fluid that lubricates b/w organs

peritoneal cavity

space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum should have small amount of serous fluid

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

Peritoneal cavity in males are

Closed

Peritoneal cavity in females are

Open

The peritoneum is divided into two parts

The greater and lesser sacs

Greater sac

Area from the diaphragm to the pelvis

Lesser sac

Area posterior to the stomach and has communication with the other sac

Intraperitoneal

within the peritoneal cavity

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum

Omenta

Connect the stomach to outer viscera

Mesentery

Connect intestine to posterior abdominal wall

If you see free fluid

Document it on a tech sheet

Pelvis and lateral flanks (gutters)

Should be carefully examined for pathological collection of fluid

Where is the right paracolic gutter located?

between the right lateral abdominal wall and the ascending colon

Where is the left paracolic gutter located?

between the descending colon and left lateral abdominal wall

Ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Most common location for ascites

Morrisons pouch (hepatorenal pouch)

Ascites first fills

pouch of douglas ( rectouterine pouch)

pleural effusion vs ascites

Pleural effusion Superior to diaphragm while ascites is inferior to the diaphragm

linea alba (white line)

A fibrous structure that runs down the midline of the abdomen.

Linea Semilunaris (Semilunar Line)

Lateral Margin forms a palpable curved surface (helps determine where the hernia is)

Weakest area for abdominal hernia

Umbilicus

Hernia classifications

reducible, incarcerated, strangulated

Valsalva maneuver

increased intrathoracic pressure caused by forcible exhalation against a closed glottis

abdominal hernias

(3) umbilical, incisional, inguinal

- weakening in the lining of the muscle, intestines poke through

- assess: deep breath, bear down, raise head & shoulders

When you can't do the vassalva maneuver

Put the patient in a reverse trendelenberg position

How to tell if a hernia is incarcerated or not

Put color on it

Is the pelvic cavity is divided in two

False (greater pelvis): above the pelvic brim, part of abdominal cavity

True (lesser pelvis): between pelvic inlet and outlet

Body layers from outmost layers to inner

Skin

Anterior muscle

Organ

Vessel

Posterior muscle

false pelvis (greater pelvis) muscles

Quadratus lumborum

Psoas major

true pelvis (lesser pelvis) muscles

Obturator internus

Piriformis

Muscles in pelvic diaphragm ( pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, coccygeus muscles)

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