Exam 4 Objectives pt. 1

Abdomen, Repro, Rear Limbs

What are the boundaries of the Paralumbar Fossa?

Last Rib, Transverse process of lumbar vertebrae, Tuber Coxae

Clinical sig. of Paralumbar fossa

Site for auscultation & palpation of ruminal contractions

Site for abdomial surgery

Tunica Flava

Elastic CT covering EAO to reinforce abdomen wall

Requires suturing after surgery

3 Main Methods for Flank Sx Nerve Block

1. Line block

2. Inverted-L block

3. Paralumbar block

Where are Flank Nerve Blocks injected?

1.Transverse process near body of vertebrae

2.Dorsal/Ventral to tips of Transverse process of Lumbar vertebra

What nerves are blocked during abdominal surgery?

T13, L1, & L2

Lumbosacral (High Epidural)

Palpate junction of dorsal midline, and draw line between CR edge of wings of the Ilia

Sacrocaudal (Low Epidural)

Flex the tail & inject into space

When are epidural nerve blocks utilized?

Cesarean sections, Dystochia, & Rectovaginal fistulas

Site of Pudendal nerve block

Rectally palpate the Lesser Sciatic Foramen, insert needle into Ischiorectal Fossa lateral & adjacent to Cd. Sacrosciatic ligament

Guide needle to Lesser Sciatic Foramen, deposit med, advance past foramen to inject Pudendal n.

Where is the rumen best accessed for physical exam?

L. Paralumbar Fossa - asses ruminal contractions

Normal rate of Ruminal contraction

2-3 contractions/min

If decreased > bloat; release pressure with trochar

What organs are on the left side of the bull?

Spleen

Dorsal & Ventral sacs of the rumen

What organs are on the right side of the bull?

Liver

Gallbladder

Reticulum

Abomasum

Omasum

Descending Duodenum

Cecum

Sm. Intestine

Descending Colon

The Reticulum

Receives heavy & course materials of the esophagus

What is the difference between Traumatic Reticulopericarditis (TRP) & Traumatic Reticulitis (TR)

TR: Inflammation of the reticulum

TRP: Trauma to the level of the Pericardium - Edema on US

How does TRP affect the Spleen

Increases chances for adhesions

Rumen

Papillae - absorb VFA from microbial digested material, and Na+ from GI

Function in mixing of digesta, break down into VFAs (Acetate, Butyrate, Propionate)

Decreased function can cause Bloat - life threatening

High v Low Digestibility Diets on the Rumen

High grain diets > Bloat, Urinary calculi, Laminitis, Acidosis, Increased Propionate

Low grain > Alkalosis, Increased Acetate

The Omasum

Lsminae of varying length, small papillae

Absorb VFAs, Na, Water, & HCO3

Left Displacement of Abomasum (LDA)

Abomasum drifts beneath the rumen & to the left

Right Displacement of the Abomasum (RDA)

Abomasum drifts up & over the omasum

What tail artery is utilized during arterial pulse

Medial Sacral Artery

Which tail vein is utilized for venipucture?

Median Sacral Vein

Bovine Udder

Body, Teat

4 total - 2 CR, 2 CD

Caprine & Ovine Udder

Body, teat

2 total - R & L

Milk Pathway

Produced in Parenchyma of the dams cells, collects in glands sinus drains thru teat sinus, streak canal, and out of teat orifice

What triggers Milk Letdown?

Suckling of the baby

What prevents Milk Letdown?

Furstenberg’s Rosette - veins within the mucosa of the teat canal

What is the Suspensory System comprised of?

Medial & Lateral lamina

Medial Lamina

Elastic CT overing the medial mamma

Lateral Lamina

Fibrous CT covering the lateral mamma

What happens when the Suspensory Laminae rupture?

Medial: Teat will point out laterally, making milking difficult; most common

Lateral: Mamma drops below level of hock; risk of injury

What disease can spread via Ipsilateral mammae?

Mastitis

No Communication between Contralateral mammae

What nerves supply the mammary glands?

Genitalfemoral

Pudendal

S1 & S2

What blood vessels supply the mammary glands?

Ext. Pudendal a.

Ventral Perineal a.

Female reproductive anatomy

1. Ovary

2. Uterine horn

3. Uterine body

4. Vagina

5. Vestibule

6. Labia/Vulva

7. Broad ligament

Route from Fetus to Birth

Uterine tube > Uterine horn > Uterine Body > Cervix > Vagina > Vestibule > Rima Pudenda > External Environment

Why is catheterization in females difficult?

The junction of the vestibule houses the External Urethral Orifice and Sub-urethral diverticulum

Bovine gestation

9 months

Caprine gestation

150 days

Fremitus

The pulsating of the main Uterine A. during pregnancy

California Mastitis Test (CMT)

Laboratory test used to monitor milk of goats/cattle in dairies

Ruminal Placentome

Maternal - Caruncle

Fetal - Cotyledon

Caprine Placentome

Concave convex

Bovine Placentome

Convex surface

What arteries supply the uterus?

Ovarian a.

Uterine a.

Uterine branch of the Vaginal a.

Where can Superficial Inguinal/ Mammary Lymph Nodes be palpated?

Dorsal to the caudal quarters of the udder

They are situated near the pelvic floor; identified at the caudolateral aspect of the mammary gland.

Regional anatomy of the Penis

Root

Body

Glans

Sigmoid Flexure

S-shaped bend in the body of the penis

Urethral Process

Extends beyond the end of the glans penis; possible entry into uterus during coitus

Easily damaged

Urethral recess

Small diverticulum off the dorsal surface of the urethra @ level of Ischiatic arch

Apical Ligament (bull)

Dense Fibrous CT

O: Tunica Albuginea of penile body

I: Near glans; spiral deviation after inserted

F: Align penis w cervix

Why are males not often catheterized?

The Sigmoid flexure and Urethral recess cause difficulty in placement

Where do most penile ruptures occur?

Distal bend of the Sigmoid Flexure

due to pressure build up during copulation

Where do most Urethral obstructions occur?

Distal end of the Sigmoid Flexure, preputial diverticulum

Sm. Ruminants> Urethral Process

What Acc. Sex Glands are rectally palpable?

Body of the Prostate - “ Wedding Band”

Ampulla

Vas Deferens

Urethralis mm.

What happens when the surface of the Penile Urethra is stimulated?

Overlaying Urethralis mm. will pulsate

Which Acc. Sex Gland is not rectally palpable?

The Bulbourethral glands

What regions of the penis & scrotum must be palpated during P.E.?

Epididymis & spermatic cords

When are the diameters of the Testicles evaluated?

Breeding Soundness Exams

What is the difference between an Opened and Closed Castration?

Open: Vaginal Process is exposed; higher potential for infection

Closed: Vaginal Process is unexposed

Why is the Preputial Cavity routinely sampled?

Tritrichomonas foetus resides in cavity; causes abortion & infertility in cattle

Bulls are carriers, no treatment, must be culled

Landmarks for Inguinal rings and site of Penile Rupture

The accessory teats of the bull

What nerve supplies the penis?

Genitofemoral n.

Pudendal n.

Ventral branches of T13 & L1

What blood vessels supply the penis?

AA. of the Penis

Ext. Pudendal branches - Ventral Scrotal a.

Where can Superficial Inguinal/Scrotal Lymph Nodes be palpated?

Dorsal to the scrotum

What bones comprise the Rear Limb?

Pelvic Girdle - Pubis, Ischium, & Ilius

Crus - Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula

Hock - Proximal & Distal rows

Metatarsals I-IV

Phalanges I-III

Proximal & Distal Sesamoid bones

Joints of the Rear Limb

Coxofemoral Joint

Stifle

Hock

Digital

Coxofemoral Joint

Pelvis to Femur

Stifle Joint

Femur to Tibia

Hock Joint (Tarsus)

• Tibiotarsal/Tarsocrural Joint - communicates with the proximal intertarsal joint.

• Proximal Intertarsal Joint - communicates with the tibiotarsal joint.

• Distal Intertarsal Joint

• Tarsometatarsal Joint

What nerve innervates the Dorsal surface of the Rear Limb

Common Peroneal n.

What nerve innervates the Plantar surface of the Rear Limb

Tibial n.

When can the Obturator n. be damaged?

Dystochias

Severe damage > inability to abduct rear limbs

Which L.N. typically is not palpable in the bovine?

Popliteal L.N.

Blood flow in the Rear Limb of the Bovine

Femoral a. > Popliteal a. > CR. Tibial a.> DR. Pedal a. > DR. Metatarsal a. III > Interdigital a. > Axial Planter Proper Digital aa. III & IV