Pharmacognosy: Resins and Philippine Medicinal Sources

This flashcard set covers the vocabulary related to resins, their extraction methods including ASE and Supercritical CO2, and the chemical constituents of specific Philippine medicinal plants such as Banato, Pili, and Siling Haba.

Resins

Solid complex materials that melt upon heating, are obtained from exudations of plants, and are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, ether, and organic solvents.

Formation Sites of Resins

Formed in schizogenous and lysigenous ducts of plants.

Hard Resins Examples

Copals (Agathis philippinensi) and Damars.

Manila elemi

A soft resin obtained from Canarium spp. such as C. ovatum, C. luzonicum, and C. asperum.

Fluid Resins

Resinous products containing a higher percentage of oil, such as Pine oleoresins and balau resins.

Resin Chemical Composition

A complex mixture of resin acids, esters, resenes, resinols, and resinotannol, appearing transparent or translucent and yellowish to brownish in color.

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)

A technique used to quantify resin content and determine rubber concentration that works at temperatures above the boiling point of most solvents.

Supercritical $CO_2$ extraction

A fluid extraction process where $CO_2$ functions as a solvent by liquefying when pressurized, eliminating the use of organic solvents.

ASD FieldSpec®3 spectrophotometer

A tool used in Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy for rapid, reliable, and non-destructive prediction of chemical components.

Gamboge

Dried resins from the bark of Garcinia spp. used as a premium yellow dye and possessing antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Kamala Red Resin

A resinous coloring matter derived from the globular glands and hair of Mallotus philippinensis (Banato).

Rottlerin

An active constituent (also known as mallotoxin) found in Mallotus philippinensis used as an anthelminthic.

Capsanthin

The red coloring matter found in the fruits of the Ornamental Pepper Tree (Capsicum annuum).

Azadirachtin

The most potent biopesticide and active constituent found in Melia azedarach L. (Paraiso).

Kalandana resin

An active constituent of Ipomoea nil (Kamoti Kamotihan) that has a nauseous and acrid taste and acts as a cathartic and analgesic.

Lansiolides

Active constituents of Lansium parasiticum (Lansones) used for antimalarial purposes.

Sahing

The oleoresin extracted from the seed kernel of Canarium ovatum (Pili).

Capsaicinoids

A group of active constituents in Capsicum annuum var longum (Siling Haba) including capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin.

Oleoresin capsicum

A component used in self-defense pepper sprays with transient immobilizing and incapacitating effects.

Germacrene

An active constituent found in Curcuma zedoaria (Luya-luyahan).