public speaking

3 general purposes of s speaker

1. to inform

2. to persuade

3. to entertain

source credibility

our willingness to believe what a person says and does

2 components of credibility

1. competence

2. honesty

two dimensions of ethos (Whalen)

1. authoritativeness- the speaker’s perceived command of a given subject

2. character- the speaker’s perceived intentions and trustworthiness

3. dynamism (offered by other researchers) - how forceful, active, intense the speaker is perceived to be

extrinsic credibility

the credibility a source is thought to have prior to the time he/she delivers the message

intrinsic credibility

the image that a speaker creates as a direct result of his/her speech

delivery

underscored by its inclusion as one of the five rhetorical canons

The Five Canons of Rhetoric

1. invention

2. arrangement (disposition)

3. style (elocutio)

4. memory (memoria)

5. delivery (action)

invention

the process of developing and refining your arguments

arrangement (disposition)

the process of arranging and organizing you arguments for maximum impact

style (elocutio)

the process of determining how you present your arguments using figures of speech and other rhetorical techniques

memory (memoria)

the process of learning and memorizing.  It may refer to memorizing a given speech, or committing to memory famous quotes, literary references, and other facts that could be used in a speech

delivery (action)

the process of practicing how you deliver your speech using gestures, pronunciation, and tone of voice

loudness

To be heard requires adequate and sustained vocal loudness and vocal projection

pitch

Do not speak in a monotone.  Use a variety of pitches                                              in order to reinforce meaning

rate

Do not speak so rapidly that your audience cannot                                                    comprehend either the individual words or the ideas being articulated.  Neither should you speak so slowly that the audience becomes bored with your presentation.

 

rhythm

the pattern of utterance duration and silence duration determines rhythm

quality

• Voice quality is affected by the speaker's emotional                                     and physical states. 

• Quality can convey confidence, openness, affection, fear, hostility, etc.

  • Desirable vocal qualities include clarity, richness, resonance and strength.

articulation

Completely and precisely sound-out the words you speak

pronunciation

Make sure that you can easily pronounce all the words in your speech

fluency

Advance your ideas smoothly, confidently, clearly and positively.

 

conversational style

Use a warm personal style.  Try to get each listener to feel that you are talking with her/him. Show interest, enthusiasm sincerity and concern for the listener.

bodily communication

Use the entire repertoire of nonverbals to accentuate and     clarify your verbal message.

eye contact

Look at your audience, at the entirety of your audience

facial expressions

• Don't ‘freeze’ your face.  Allow it to  register the meaning and feeling of the ideas you are articulating.

• Try to eliminate any facial "tics" which may preoccupy the audience.

body posture

Stand naturally at the podium.  Do not assume an artificial ‘speaker's stance’.  Don't grip the podium.

• A slumped speaker can convey dejection.

• Sloppy posture can convey indifference.

• A tense posture can convey fear and anxiety.

body movement

• Allow your bodily movements to spring from the inner feelings associated with your message.

• Eliminate repetitive and distracting movements and gestures.

impromptu delivery

little preparation

manuscript delivery

complete preparation

memorized speech

x

extemporaneous speaking

use minimal notes; choose exact words at moment of delivery

the sleeper effect

-Over time, the listener dissociates the source and the message; the impact of credibility is diminished and the impact of the inherent logic of the message has greater sway

stage fright

-Fear about public speaker may produce physical symptoms (quavering voice, shaking, dry mouth).

 -Audiences are much more ‘forgiving’ than the speaker may fear is the                              case.

demographic analysis

determining the characteristics of your audience: age; sex; political affiliation; geographic background; socioeconomic level; occupation; education; religion

 

situational/purpose-oriented analysis

determining what information about the audience is most important for the speaker’s purpose on a given occasion

the message

intro- ‘Tell ‘em what you’re going to tell ‘em.’ (attention-getter, thesis    [central idea], main point preview, common ground, credentials)

body- ‘Tell ‘em.’ (main points [the fewer the better] and support)

conclusion- ‘Tell ‘em what you just told ‘em.”’(main point review, closure)

 

organization

the speaker should use an organization pattern best suited to the message and the audience

topical organization

move from one point to another

chronological organization

time-based movement from point to point

spatial organization

present parts of a whole in relationship to each other and to the whole

materials of support

forms of evidence

examples

- provide vivid detail to make a presentation more dramatic

  -should be relevant and representative

statistics

-numerical data

-research suggests that if statistics are presented in charts and graphs they may be easier for the audience to grasp

quotations/testimony

-If the quoted source has knowledge or experience greater than that of the speaker, the quotation may be used to add validity to the speaker’s argument and, indirectly, to enhance credibility.

analogies

a comparison between two things or situations on the basis of their partial similarities.