DA good shit

Biomechanics Final Practice:
1. STJ supination / protonation and how it related to MTJ axes

STJ pronation : MTJ axes parallel and flexible; stj supinates and MTJ axes perpendicular and stable

2. Windlass mechanism : what disrupts this mechanism ? He is gonna give you options and pick what does not

(anything that pronates the foot: forefoot varus, equinus, anterior cavus, hypermobile first ray, met primus elevatus, rearfoot varus). Once you put the foot in neutral, it will work.

3. Know causes of hammer toes

flexor substitution: weak triceps surae
extensor substitution: weak anterior crural -> anterior cavus, equinus, EDL spasticity
flexor stabilization: hypermobile foot so long flexors stabilize the foot

4. Know Hallux Limitis, Rigitidis (degrees)

Normal: greater than 65 degrees
FHL: normal at rest and reduced from 65 degrees during gait
HL: less than 45 degrees
HR: less than 20 degrees

5. Forefoot equinus or anterior cavus when:

Ankle dorsiflexion from heel to 5th met base is higher than
Ankle dorsiflexion from heel to 5th met head.

This means the metatarsals are elevated at the base but lower at heads.

6. True and false (a lot of them are true and common sense )

7. Read those articles (know more so of the data ) - one of the questions was legit the title

a. Running in highly cushioned shoes increases leg stiffness and amplifies impact loading.
b. Foot orthotics are effective in preventing overall injuries while shock absorbing insoles are not effective in preventing injuries

c. which is false:

-25% calf injuries
-27% knee injuries
-46% of all recreational runners sustain injuries
-obese people are 2x more likely to suffer running injuries

8. What cause and don’t cause equinus ?

a. Less than 10 degrees of dorsiflexion at ankle (normal is 20 and ambulation is 10)
b. Genu recurvatum
c. Anterior cavus
d. Posterior cavus does not cause equinus

9. Cadets wearing moderate lateral stiffness shoes are

less likely to sustain injuries compared to cadets wearing min lateral stiffness

10. Which one is false: (these three and a another answer which is the right answer)

a. what makes a successful sprint technique:
i. Longer stride
ii. Increase speed
iii. Greater flight time

b. Hybrid pendular run is metabolically more efficient that impulsive running:

i. Double ground reactions
ii. Brief airborne phase
iii. Shorter stride length

11. Forefoot supinatus : acquired positional deformity and Know which deformity is rigid

a. Met primus elevatus (secondary acquired)
b. Met primus equinus
c. Forefoot varus
d. Rearfoot varus
e. Forefoot valgus

12. Calculate the amount of bodyweight a specific person will have during running

(multiple by 3-5 times the given body weight)

13. Center of Mass is the lowest in

Midstance during running and highest during gait

14. Mid tarsal joint malignements are seen in best in why plane ?

a. transverse plane
forefoot abduction/adduction
forefoot position relative to rearfoot

15. He also asked what require the less energy and gave different values like?0.5 m/s, 1.2 m/s, 3 m/s,

a. Answer is which ever speed is between 1.1 and 1.4 m/s

16. Calculate Hip rotation

a. Greatest ROM - (Max eversion plus Max inversion ) / 2

17. Calculate STJ Neutral

a. Eversion – (eversion plus inversion) / 3

18. Know 1st Ray motion

a. Angulated 45 degrees in frontal and sagittal planes
b. No motion is in transverse plane bc its parallel to the axis

19. Know 1st Ray axis -

no motion in transverse plane

20. Hubschure Maneuver test for

the Windlass mechanism

21. Know pivot test

a. (if one twists to the right , right foot supinate and left foot pronate )
b. Used to test maximally pronated position (MPP)

22. What is associated and not associated with pes planus ?

a. Flat feet
b. Hypermobility
c. Disrupted windlass mechanism
d. Equinus
e. Anterior cavus
f. Met primus elevatus
g. Forefoot varus
All others are not associated:
a. Forefoot valgus
b. Met primus equinus

23. Know lateral malleolar index

a. This is when the distance from lateral malleolus is compared to the lateral fat pad
b. STJ supination = lateral malleolar deviation
c. STJ pronation = medial malleolar deviation
d. LMI = 0 when STJ is neural

24. Greater than 5 degree of tibial bowing

= tibial Varum ( in sagittal plane)
-Tibial torsion is when the tibia is rotated in transverse plane (compare med and lat malleolus)

25. Q angle (know them )

a. Male : 16-18 degrees
b. Female: 20-20 degrees

26. Know that midtarsal joint (CCJ

TNJ)

27. Pie graph on muscle usage during gait, running and sprinting

a. Gait: ankle and hip flexion muscles more
b. Run: ankle and knee flexion
c. Sprinting: more hip flexion and less knee flexion

28. Lapidus Procedure

a. A surgical procedure that fuses the first met-cuneiform joint
b. Most used and successful procedure to reduce hypermobile first ray and HAV
c. Leads to increased arch heig