A&P Lecture Exam 1

what is anatomy

the field of biological sciences that explains the structure and organization of organisms and RELATES the structure to function

what is physiology

explains processes or functions. this science predicts bodily responses to stimuli based on normy physiology.

what is microscopic anatomy

structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye (you have to use a microscope)

what is macroscopic anatomy

everything that you can see with your naked eye (a.k.a gross anatomy)

define cytology

the study of cells

define hystology

the study of structure of tissue

what are the five types of macroscopic anatomy

systemic, regional, surface, comparative, and embryology anatomy

what is systemic anatomy

a branch of Anatomy that studies the structure of the human body by systems rather than by regions.

what is regional anatomy

the study of the human body by specific regions or areas, rather than by organ systems.

what is surface anatomy

is the study of the external features of the body and how they relate to the structures underneath the skin.

what is comparative anatomy

the study of the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.

what is embryology anatomy

the study of how an organism develops from a fertilized egg to birth

what structures make up the integumentary system, and what is its function

composed of skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands. functions in protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and vitamin D production

what structures make up the skeletal system, and what is its function

composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. functions in support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage

what structures make up the muscular system, and what is its function

composed of skeletal muscles and tendons. functions in movement, posture, and heat production

what structures make up the nervous system, and what is its function

composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. functions in rapid communication, coordination, and response to stimuli

what structures make up the endocrine system, and what is its function

composed of glands such as the pitiuary system, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ovaries/testes. functions in hormone production and regulation of body processes.

what structures make up the cardiovascular system, and what is its function

composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. functions in transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes

what structures make up the lymphatic system, and what is its functions

composed of the lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, and tonsils. functions in immunity and returning excess fluid to the blood stream

what structures make up the respiratory system and what is its function

composed of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bonchi, and lungs. functions in gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)

what structures make up the digestive system and what is its functions

composed of the mouth, espohagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. functions in digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination

what structures make up the urinary system and what is its function

composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. functions in removing wastes and regulating fluid, electrolytes, and acid base balance

what structures make up the reproductive system and what is its function

Male: testes, epidiymis, vas deferens, prostate, penis

Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands,

functions in producing offspring and sex hormones

what is anatomic positions

common point of preference: standing upright, feel parallel and flat on the floor, upper limbs at side of body, palms facing forward, head is level and eyes looking forward

define superior

towards the head or upper part of the body; above

define inferior

away from the head or towards the lower part of the body; below

define anterior

ventral; towards the front of the body

define posterior

dorsal; towards the back of the body

define medial

towards the midline of the body

define lateral

away from the midline of the body

define proximal

closer to the point of attachment or orgin

define distal

farther from the point of attachment or orgin

define superficial

toward or at the body surface

define deep

away from the body surface; more internal

what is homestasis

the maintenance of a stable internal enviroment

what are the 3 components of each homeostatic control system

receptor, control center, and effector

what is a receptor

a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change

what is the control center (a.k.a integration center)

receives and processes information (from the receptor) and sends out commands

what is the effector

a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center (to return conditions to normal)

what is a positive feedback loop

a mechanism that amplifies or increases a change until a specific event is completes (enhances the change( (ex: childbirth)

what is a negative feedback loop

a mechanism that reverses a change in the body to maintain homeostasis and return conditions to normal (counteracts the change) (ex: sweating to cool down)

what is matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

what is an element

a pure substance made of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

what is an atom

the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element

what is a molecule

two or more atoms chemically bonded together (H20)

what is a compound

a substance made of two or more different elements chemically combined (ex: H20)

what are the subatomic particles that make up an atom

proton, nuetron, and electron

what is a proton? whats its charge and location

charge: positive

location: nucleus of the atom

function: helps determine the element

what is a neutron? what is its charge and location

charge: neutral (0)

location: nucleus of the atom

function: adds mass and helps stabilize the nucleus

what is an electron? what is its charge and location

charge: negative

location: electron cloud (energy levels) surrounding the nucleus

function: involved in chemical bonding and reactions

what is a chemical symbol

a one or two letter abbreviation used to represent an element (ex: Na=sodium)

what is the atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (every element is unique) (ex: carbon has 6 so its AN is 6)

what is the atomic mass

the total number or protons AND neutrons in an atom (ex: carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons = 12)

how do you calculate the number of protons

the number of protons = atomic number

how do you calculate the number of electrons

in a neutral atom, electrons = protons = atomic number

(ex: oxygen has an atomic number of 8, so 8 electrons)

how do you calculate the number of neutrons

neutrons = atomic mass = atomic number

(ex: carbon has an atomic mass of 12 and an atomic number of 6»» 12-6=6)

what is an isotope

an atom of the same element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons (ex: carbon 14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons)

how do you diagram an atom

• place protons and neutrons in the nucleus

• place electrons in orbitals (energy levels) around the nucleus

• fill the inner oribita’s before the outer ones

what is the octet rule

atoms are the most stable when their outermost shell contains 8 electrons

how many electrons can the first orbital hold

2 electrons

how many electrons can the 2nd orbital hold

8 electrons

how many electrons can the third orbital hold

8 electrons

what is the outermost shell of an atom called

the valence shell

what are the electrons in the outermost shell called

valence electrons

why are valence electrons important

they determine how an atom bonds and reacts with other atoms

what atomic particle determines the type of chemical bond that will be formed and why

valence electrons because they are the electrons that atoms gain, lose, or share when forming chemical bonds

what is an ionic bond

a bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating positively and negatively charged ions that attract each other

what is a covalent bond

a bond formed when atoms share electrons (ex: H20)

what is a hydrogen bond

a WEAK attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in another molecule (or another part of the same molecule)

what is an ion

an atom or molecule that has gain or lost electrons and therefore has a charge

what is a cation

a positively charged ion that forms when an atom LOSES. electrons

what is an anion

a negatively charged ion that forms when an atom GAINS electrons

what is an electrolyte

a substance that dissociates into ions in water and can conduct electricity

what is a covalent bond

a chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

what does it mean for a molecule to be polar

electrons are shared UNEQUALLY because one atom attracts them more than the other; creating partial positive and negative ends

what does it mean for a molecule to be nonpolar

electrons are shared EQUALLY between atoms, so there is no partial charge

what is electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract SHARED electrons towards itself in a chemical bond

how does electronegativity affect polarity

the greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms, the more polar the bond becomes

what are the trends of increasing electronegativity on the periodic table

electronegativity increases left to right across a period and increases bottom to top within a group

what are the functions of water in the body

acts as a SOLVENT for many substances

TRANSPORTS nutrients, gases and wastes

helps REGULATE body temperature

participates in chemical reactions

LUBRICATES and CUSHIONS tissues and joints

is water a solvent

yes, it is often called the universal solvent because it dissolves many substances

do polar molecules dissolve in water

yes, they dissolve easily in water because water is also polar (ex: sugar)

do non polar molecules dissolve in water

no, they do not dissolve well in water (ex: oils and fats)

do amphipathic molecules dissolve in water

partially, they have:

• a polar (hydrophilic) regions that interacts with water

• a non polar (hydrophobic) regions that avoids water

what is a mixture

a combination of two or more substances that are physically mixed but NOT chemically bonded (ex: salt water)

what is a solution

a homogenous mixture in which one substance (solute) is completely dissolved in another substance (solvent) (ex: salt dissolved in water)

what is a colloid

a mixture containing particles that are LARGER than those in a solution but small enough to remain suspended and not settle out (ex: milk or blood plasma)

what is a suspension

a mixture containing LARGE particles that WILL settle out over time if left unmixed (ex: muddy water)

what is an acid

a substance that RELEASES hydrogen ions in a solution (pH less than 7) (more H+ ions than OH- ions)

what is a base

a substance that ACCEPTS hydrogen ions OR RELEASES hydroxide ions in a solution (pH greater than 7) (more OH- ions than H+ ions)

what is pH

a scale that measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, indication how acidic or basic it is

what is the pH of pure water

7 (neutral)

what is the pH of an acidic solution

less than 7

what is the pH of a basic (alkaline) solution

greater than 7

what are carbohydrates made of

monosaccharides (simple sugar) (quick energy source)

what are lipids made of

glycerol and fatty acids (fats and oils) (long term energy storage, insulation, cell membranes)

what are proteins made of

amino acids (enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin) (structure, movement, transport, and chemical reactions)

what are nucleic acids made of

nucleotides (DNA and RNA) (store and transmit genetic information)

what is an organic molecule

a molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together

what is a lipid

a group of water insoluble (hydrophobic) organic molecules used for energy storage, insulation, protection, and cell structures