all chemical reactions

reaction of an alkane with bromine

• alkane (gas) + bromine (liquid) → haloalkane (gas) + hydrogen halide (gas)

• requires UV light

conditions for reaction of alkanes with halogens

• UV light

what type of reaction is the reaction of methane with bromine?

• free radical substitution

• homolytic fission

propagation for the reaction of methane with bromine

initiation for the reaction of methane with bromine

termination for the reaction of methane with bromine

limitations of radical substitution in organic synthesis

• further substitution

• substitution at different positions on a carbon chain

why do alkenes react more readily than alkanes?

• the pi bond is weaker than the sigma bond, and is therefore broken more readily

reactions of an alkene with hydrogen

• alkene + hydrogen → alkane

• must be passed over a nickel catalyst at 423K

• hydrogenation

reaction of an alkene with bromine

• alkene + bromine → haloalkane (1,2- dibromo…)

• room temperature

reaction of an alkene with hydrogen halide

• alkene + hydrogen halide (gas) → haloalkane

• if the alkene is a gas, the reaction takes place when the two gases are mixed together

• if the alkene is liquid, then the hydrogen halide is bubbled through it

reaction of an alkene with steam

• alkene + steam → alcohol

• in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst

reaction of a primary alcohol when distilled

• alcohol + acidified potassium dichromate → aldehyde + water

reaction of a primary alcohol when refluxed

• alcohol + excess acidified potassium dichromate → carboxylic acid + water

reaction of a secondary alcohol when refluxed

• alcohol + acidified potassium dichromate → ketone + water

dehydration of alcohols

• alcohol → alkene

• heated under reflux

• in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as conc. H3PO4