AP Geo Unit 6 FRL

adolescent fertility rate

The number of births to women aged 15-19 per 1,000 women in that age group.

agglomeration

The clustering of productive activities and people for mutual benefit.

austerity strategy

Economic policies aimed at reducing government deficits through spending cuts, tax increases, or a combination of both.

break-of-bulk point

A location where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another.

BRIC

A group of emerging economies with significant influence on regional and global affairs.

bulk-gaining industry

An industry where the final product weighs more than the raw materials.

bulk-reducing industry

An industry where the final product weighs less than the raw materials.

capital-intensive industry

An industry that relies heavily on capital investment and machinery rather than labor.

colonialism

The policy of acquiring full or partial political control over another country and exploiting it economically.

commodity dependence

An economic reliance on raw materials or primary goods for revenue.

comparative advantage

The ability of a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another.

complementarity

A situation where two regions, through trade, can specifically help each other meet their economic needs.

cottage industry

Small-scale, home-based manufacturing practices.

deindustrialization

The decline of industrial activity in a region or economy.

dependency theory

A theory stating that resources flow from a periphery of poor nations to a core of wealthy states.

development

The process of economic growth, expansion, or realization of regional potential.

ecotourism

Sustainable travel to natural areas, preserving the environment and improving the well-being of local people.

economic restructuring

A process of change in the way an economy functions, often involving a shift from manufacturing to services.

environmental degradation

The deterioration of the environment through the depletion of resources.

European Union

A political and economic union of 27 member states located in Europe.

fair trade

A movement that advocates for trading partnerships based on equality and fairness.

fertility rate

The average number of children a woman would have during her lifetime.

Fordist production

A system of mass production that emphasizes the division of labor and standardized tasks.

foreign direct investment

Investment made by a company or individual in one country in business interests in another country.

fossil fuels

Natural fuels formed from the remains of ancient organisms.

free trade agreements

Treaties between two or more countries to reduce trade barriers.

gender inequality index (GII)

A measure of gender disparity in reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.

Gender-related Development Index (GDI)

An index measuring gender disparities in development across nations.

gross domestic product (GDP)

The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year.

gross national income (GNI)

The total income earned by a nation's residents and businesses.

gross national product (GNP)

The total value of all final goods and services produced by a country's residents in a given time period.

growth poles

Areas that promote economic development and attract investment and businesses.

human development index (HDI)

A composite index measuring average achievement in key dimensions of human development.

imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization or military force.

industry

Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and the manufacture of goods.

Industrial Revolution

The transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the U.S. during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Inequality-adjusted HDI

An adjustment to the HDI that accounts for inequality in the distribution of each dimension.

infant mortality rate

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a given year.

interdependence

A relationship between countries or regions where they rely on each other economically or politically.

international division of labor

The specialization of labor across different countries.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An organization that aims to promote global economic stability and growth.

just-in-time delivery

An inventory strategy to increase efficiency by receiving goods only as they are needed.

labor-intensive industry

An industry that requires a large amount of labor to produce its goods.

least cost theory (Weber’s Industrial Location Theory)

A theory that explains the location of industries based on minimizing costs.

literacy rate

The percentage of people who can read and write in a specific age group.

manufacturing zones

Areas designated for the setup of factories to promote economic development.

maquiladoras

Factories in Mexico that import materials and export goods, often with tax incentives.

maternal mortality rate

The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

Mercosur

A South American trade bloc aimed at promoting free trade among member countries.

microloan (microfinance)

Small loans provided to entrepreneurs, often in developing countries, to stimulate economic growth.

multiplier effects

The increased economic activity that results from increased spending.

neoliberal policies

Economic policies emphasizing free markets, deregulation, and limited government intervention.

nonrenewable energy

Energy sources that cannot be replenished on a human timescale, such as fossil fuels.

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

A collective organization of countries that export oil.

outsourcing

The practice of contracting out tasks to external organizations or individuals.

post-Fordist production

A shift in production methods emphasizing flexibility and innovation.

productivity

The measure of output per unit of input in production processes.

purchasing power parity

An economic theory that compares different countries' currencies through a market 'basket of goods' approach.

renewable energy

Energy from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar or wind.

right-to-work law

Legislation that ensures that no person can be compelled to join a union or pay union dues.

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

A model that outlines the stages of economic development.

rust belt

A region in the northeastern U.S. characterized by declining industry and population loss.

site factors

The physical and human geography that determines the suitability of a location for an industry.

situation factors

The location of an industry relative to its raw materials and markets.

stimulus strategy

Economic strategies that aim to provoke activity through public spending and policies.

structural adjustment program

Economic policies imposed on developing countries by international organizations to promote structural change.

sustainability

The capacity to endure in a relatively ongoing way across various domains of life.

time-space compression

The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place as a result of technological advancements.

UN Sustainable Development Goals

A universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all by 2030.

tariffs

Taxes imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries.

value added

The enhanced worth of a product at each stage of production.

World Bank

An international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries.

World Systems Theory

A theory that suggests that social change in the developing world is linked to global economic changes.

World Trade Organization

An intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.

out-sourcing

The practice of shifting business to another company in a different country, especially through contracts.