AP Geo Unit 6 FRL
adolescent fertility rate: The number of births to women aged 15-19 per 1,000 women in that age group.
Example: In many developing countries, the adolescent fertility rate can be over 100.
agglomeration: The clustering of productive activities and people for mutual benefit.
Example: Silicon Valley is an agglomeration of tech companies.
austerity strategy: Economic policies aimed at reducing government deficits through spending cuts, tax increases, or a combination of both.
Example: Spain implemented an austerity strategy to recover from the economic crisis.
break-of-bulk point: A location where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another.
Example: A port can serve as a break-of-bulk point for shipping containers from ships to trucks.
BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China): A group of emerging economies with significant influence on regional and global affairs.
Example: BRIC countries collaborate to promote economic growth and political cooperation.
bulk-gaining industry: An industry where the final product weighs more than the raw materials.
Example: Beverage production is a bulk-gaining industry.
bulk-reducing industry: An industry where the final product weighs less than the raw materials.
Example: Copper smelting is a bulk-reducing industry.
capital-intensive industry: An industry that relies heavily on capital investment and machinery rather than labor.
Example: Automobile manufacturing is highly capital-intensive.
colonialism: The policy of acquiring full or partial political control over another country and exploiting it economically.
Example: European colonialism led to widespread changes in Africa and Asia.
commodity dependence: An economic reliance on raw materials or primary goods for revenue.
Example: Many developing nations face commodity dependence on oil exports.
comparative advantage: The ability of a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another.
Example: Brazil has a comparative advantage in coffee production.
complementarity: A situation where two regions, through trade, can specifically help each other meet their economic needs.
Example: Germany and China exemplify complementarity through manufacturing and tech needs.
cottage industry: Small-scale, home-based manufacturing practices.
Example: Handcrafted textiles are produced in a cottage industry.
deindustrialization: The decline of industrial activity in a region or economy.
Example: The deindustrialization of Detroit was marked by the loss of factory jobs.
dependency theory: A theory stating that resources flow from a periphery of poor nations to a core of wealthy states.
Example: Dependency theory explains the ongoing poverty in many parts of Africa.
development: The process of economic growth, expansion, or realization of regional potential.
Example: The development of new infrastructure was necessary for economic growth.
ecotourism: Sustainable travel to natural areas, preserving the environment and improving the well-being of local people.
Example: Ecotourism projects exist in Costa Rica to conserve biodiversity.
economic restructuring: A process of change in the way an economy functions, often involving a shift from manufacturing to services.
Example: Economic restructuring in the U.S. shifted jobs from factories to technology and services.
environmental degradation: The deterioration of the environment through the depletion of resources.
Example: Deforestation is a major cause of environmental degradation.
European Union: A political and economic union of 27 member states located in Europe.
Example: The European Union allows for the free movement of goods and people among member countries.
fair trade: A movement that advocates for trading partnerships based on equality and fairness.
Example: Fair trade practices ensure farmers receive fair compensation.
fertility rate: The average number of children a woman would have during her lifetime.
Example: In Japan, the fertility rate has dropped below the replacement level.
Fordist production: A system of mass production that emphasizes the division of labor and standardized tasks.
Example: The Fordist production model was used in early automobile factories.
foreign direct investment: Investment made by a company or individual in one country in business interests in another country.
Example: A U.S. company investing in a factory in China is engaging in foreign direct investment.
fossil fuels: Natural fuels formed from the remains of ancient organisms.
Example: Coal and oil are common fossil fuels used worldwide.
free trade agreements: Treaties between two or more countries to reduce trade barriers.
Example: NAFTA is a free trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.
gender inequality index (GII): A measure of gender disparity in reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.
Example: A high GII indicates significant gender inequalities in a country.
Gender-related Development Index (GDI): An index measuring gender disparities in development across nations.
Example: Countries with high GDI scores show fewer gender disparities.
gross domestic product (GDP): The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year.
Example: The GDP of the United States is among the world's highest.
gross national income (GNI): The total income earned by a nation's residents and businesses.
Example: GNI includes the GDP as well as income earned overseas.
gross national product (GNP): The total value of all final goods and services produced by a country's residents in a given time period.
Example: GNP can provide insights into national prosperity.
growth poles: Areas that promote economic development and attract investment and businesses.
Example: Technology parks often function as growth poles in emerging economies.
human development index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in key dimensions of human development.
Example: The HDI considers health, education, and living standards.
imperialism: The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization or military force.
Example: British imperialism in India significantly impacted the subcontinent.
industry: Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and the manufacture of goods.
Example: The technology industry has been a major driver of economic growth.
Industrial Revolution: The transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the U.S. during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Example: The Industrial Revolution marked a turning point in history.
Inequality-adjusted HDI: An adjustment to the HDI that accounts for inequality in the distribution of each dimension.
Example: Countries with high inequality tend to have a lower inequality-adjusted HDI.
infant mortality rate: The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a given year.
Example: The infant mortality rate has significantly decreased in many developed nations.
interdependence: A relationship between countries or regions where they rely on each other economically or politically.
Example: Global trade creates interdependence among nations.
international division of labor: The specialization of labor across different countries.
Example: Many companies outsource manufacturing to countries with lower labor costs.
International Monetary Fund (IMF): An organization that aims to promote global economic stability and growth.
Example: The IMF provides financial support to countries facing economic crises.
just-in-time delivery: An inventory strategy to increase efficiency by receiving goods only as they are needed.
Example: Many automotive companies use just-in-time delivery to minimize inventory costs.
labor-intensive industry: An industry that requires a large amount of labor to produce its goods.
Example: Textile manufacturing is considered a labor-intensive industry.
least cost theory (Weber’s Industrial Location Theory): A theory that explains the location of industries based on minimizing costs.
Example: Weber's model suggests that industries should locate near raw materials.
literacy rate: The percentage of people who can read and write in a specific age group.
Example: The literacy rate in Finland is nearly 100%.
manufacturing zones: Areas designated for the setup of factories to promote economic development.
Example: Special economic zones in China attract foreign investment.
maquiladoras: Factories in Mexico that import materials and export goods, often with tax incentives.
Example: Maquiladoras have driven job creation along the Mexico-U.S. border.
maternal mortality rate: The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
Example: Access to quality healthcare has greatly reduced maternal mortality rates.
Mercosur: A South American trade bloc aimed at promoting free trade among member countries.
Example: Mercosur includes Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay.
microloan (microfinance): Small loans provided to entrepreneurs, often in developing countries, to stimulate economic growth.
Example: Microloans have empowered women to start small businesses.
multiplier effects: The increased economic activity that results from increased spending.
Example: Infrastructure projects can create multiplier effects in surrounding communities.
neoliberal policies: Economic policies emphasizing free markets, deregulation, and limited government intervention.
Example: Neoliberalism became prominent in the 1980s with leaders like Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher.
nonrenewable energy: Energy sources that cannot be replenished on a human timescale, such as fossil fuels.
Example: Coal and oil are major forms of nonrenewable energy.
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries): A collective organization of countries that export oil.
Example: OPEC regulates oil production to influence prices.
outsourcing: The practice of contracting out tasks to external organizations or individuals.
Example: Many companies outsource customer service operations to third-party firms.
post-Fordist production: A shift in production methods emphasizing flexibility and innovation.
Example: Lean manufacturing is an example of post-Fordist production.
productivity: The measure of output per unit of input in production processes.
Example: Increases in productivity often lead to economic growth.
purchasing power parity: An economic theory that compares different countries' currencies through a market 'basket of goods' approach.
Example: Purchasing power parity can help gauge living standards between nations.
renewable energy: Energy from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar or wind.
Example: Solar panels convert sunlight into renewable energy.
right-to-work law: Legislation that ensures that no person can be compelled to join a union or pay union dues.
Example: Right-to-work laws vary significantly across the United States.
Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth: A model that outlines the stages of economic development.
Example: Rostow proposed five stages of economic growth starting from traditional society.
rust belt: A region in the northeastern U.S. characterized by declining industry and population loss.
Example: Michigan has parts of the rust belt due to manufacturing decline.
site factors: The physical and human geography that determines the suitability of a location for an industry.
Example: Proximity to raw materials is a key site factor for manufacturing.
situation factors: The location of an industry relative to its raw materials and markets.
Example: The situation factors for steel production include proximity to coal and iron ore sources.
stimulus strategy: Economic strategies that aim to provoke activity through public spending and policies.
Example: During recessions, governments may employ stimulus strategies to boost the economy.
structural adjustment program: Economic policies imposed on developing countries by international organizations to promote structural change.
Example: Structural adjustment programs often require government austerity measures.
sustainability: The capacity to endure in a relatively ongoing way across various domains of life.
Example: Sustainability practices focus on reducing resource consumption and pollution.
time-space compression: The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place as a result of technological advancements.
Example: Time-space compression allows goods to be shipped across the globe in days.
UN Sustainable Development Goals: A universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all by 2030.
Example: Goals include zero hunger and quality education for all.
tariffs: Taxes imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries.
Example: Tariffs can increase the cost of foreign products, encouraging consumers to buy local.
value added: The enhanced worth of a product at each stage of production.
Example: Value added occurs when raw materials are turned into finished products.
World Bank: An international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries.
Example: The World Bank focuses on reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development.
World Systems Theory: A theory that suggests that social change in the developing world is linked to global economic changes.
Example: World Systems Theory emphasizes the relationships between core, semi-periphery, and periphery nations.
World Trade Organization: An intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.
Example: The WTO settles trade disputes between member countries.
out-sourcing: The practice of shifting business to another company in a different country, especially through contracts.
Example: Many companies outsource IT support to reduce costs.
infant mortality rate: The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a specific year.
Example: Countries with better healthcare systems typically have lower infant mortality rates.
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