Renal I

kidneys, ureters, bladder , and urethra

what is the urinary system comprised of?

1. secrete erythropoietin

2. regulation of bodily fluids

3. regulation of blood volume

what are some functions of the kidneys?

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney

renal medulla

inner region of the kidney

renal pelvis

central collecting region in the kidney

pyramids and columns

what is included in the renal medulla?

minor calyx (calyces) and major calyx (calyces)

what is included in the renal pelvis?

minor calyx

a cup-shaped extension of the pelvis that encircles the apex of a pyramid

major calyx

the cavity formed by the convergence of several minor calyces, which drain urine into the renal pelvis

nephrons

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

more than a million

how many nephrons are in a kidney?

homeostasis of blood volume and pressure

what is the function of nephrons?

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

what makes up the renal corpuscle?

1. renal corpuscle

2. proximal convoluted tubule

3. descending loop of henle

4. ascending loop of henle

5. distal convoluted tubule

6. collecting duct

what are the components of the nephron?

proximal convoluted tubule

first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients

descending loop of henle

where reabsorption of water takes place

ascending loop of henle

area of the nephron that actively pumps salt out of the tubule in order to create osmotic pressure

distal convoluted tubule

between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; selective reabsorption and secretion occur here

collecting duct

a segment of the nephron that returns water form the filtrate to the bloodstream

juxtamedullary and cortical

what are the two types of nephrons?

juxtamedullary nephrons

long nephron loops that invade medulla; important in the production of concentrated urine

cortical nephrons

nephrons located almost entirely in the renal cortex; have a reduced loop of Henle

detrusor muscle

the smooth muscle layers of the bladder

parasympathetic innervation

what type of innervation is in the bladder?

renal pelvis (2) --> ureter (2) --> bladder (1) --> urethra (1)

what is the path of urine through the urinary system?

smooth muscle

what type of muscle makes up the internal urethral sphincter?

skeletal muscle

what type of muscle makes up the external urethral sphincter?

parasympathetic innervation (sphincter)

what type of innervation is present in the internal urethral sphincter?

somatic motor innervation

what type of innervation is present in the external urethral sphincter?

S2-S4

what part of the spinal column controls the guarding reflex?

stretching of the bladder when it's full

what initiates the voiding reflex?

guarding reflex

prevents involuntary emptying of the bladder

-inhibited: parasympathetic nerves controlling detrusor muscle

-stimulated: somatic motor neurons

what is inhibited/stimulated during the guarding reflex?

stretch --> pons --> micturition center

what is the pathway of the voiding reflex?

incontinence

uncontrolled urination due to loss of bladder control

kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)

hard objects containing crystallized minerals

-uncontrolled contractions of detrusor muscle

-increased abdominal pressure (sneezing, coughing, laughing)

-prostate cancer treatment

what are some causes of incontinence?

-diet

-dehydration

-excess weight

-medication

what are some causes of kidney stones?