Ap world imperialism

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

Tanzimat: These reforms, heavily influenced by European ideas, were intended to effectuate a fundamental change of the empire from the old system based on theocratic principles to that of a modern state.

Imperialism

the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

Colony

a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

European motivations

wanted to gain more land, if conquered certain place would not have to trade for certain products which made more of a profit.

Social Darwinism

19th century philosophy, championed by thinkers such as Herbert Spencer that attempted to apply Darwinian " survival of the fittest" to the social and political realm; used to justify war

advantages

advanced in military, industrialization

Transoceanic empires

empires owning most of their area in overseas territory.

Resources obtained from colonies: Britain

India - tea, indigo, cotton (textile industry), coffee

Australia - wool, meat, silver, gold, flour, wine

Caribbean - naval bases, sugar, rum, tobacco

East Africa - gold, diamonds, skins

Resources obtained from colonies: France

West Africa - agricultural (coffee, cacao)

SE Asia (French Indochina) - rice, rubber, opium!!, mines for coal and zinc

Southern Pacific islands - dried coconut (used for soap), nickel

Resources obtained from colonies: German

Morocco - spices,

East Africa - gold, ivory

Cameroon, Togoland

German SW Africa

Resources obtained from colonies: Russian

Alaska - oil

Poland

All the areas around Russia proper

Resources obtained from colonies: Dutch

Indonesia - spices, sugar, tea, tobacco, coffee (Java), clove

Guyana - sugar

India (for a little while, small areas) - rare woods, ivory, cotton, tobacco

China imperialism

at first believed they were better than everybody and did not really need to trade, but provided ports for Europeans then came the opium war which ended things for China

India imperialism

in the 1700's there was the British East India Company which was to provide profit for shareholders. the British used "divide and conquer" to get land and natural resources from India. when conquered by Britain society changed in India and the spread for Christianity formed

Africa imperialism

imperialized by multiple countries. Effects of imperialism on Africa: modern medicine, food supply= increase in pop. new technology, transportation communication

Opium War

war between China and Britain, Britain began trading opium with China, which caused the Chinese to get high, and very sick which is why China banned the import of opium. Britain refused so the two went to war with each other in 1800's. Britain won, which showed that China was weak when it came to the west. Forced China to keep the opium ports open. China was divided into spheres of influence by foreign nations. Western nation had superior military forces.

Boxer Rebellion

poor Chinese wanted to remove foreign influence from China. Gang group who assaulted foreigners in China. Soon crushed by Japan and Europeans.

Extraterritoriality

the right or privilege of a state to exercise authority in certain circumstances beyond the limits of its territory. China and Japan were under unequal treaties with the USA.

Spheres of influence

An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.

British East India Company

Trading Company in India that was a monopoly and had control over most of India.

Sepoy Rebellion

Newly issued rifles had cartridges in wax paper greased with animal fat problem for Hindus: beef and Muslims: pork. Small-scale rebellion ignites general anti-British revolution. British gained upper hand in late 1857. Effects: Britain Abolishes Mughal empire, Establishes direct rule of India by British government, Exiles emperor to Burma, Abolishes East India Company

"White Man's Burden"

A poem written by English poet Rudyard Kipling, regarding the fact that Whites, and Europeans are more supperior than other races. The burden is that whites would spread there beliefs, and destroy nonwhite culture through colonialism and Imperialism.

Berlin Conference

Met in Berlin, Germany. Any sovereign power which wanted to claim any territory should inform the other powers "in order to ... make good any claim of their own."

Any such annexation should be validated by effective occupation.

Treaties with African rulers were to be considered a valid title to sovereignty.

King Leopold

(1835-1909) King of Belgium who began imperialistic trade inside of Africa which resulted in the Scramble for Africa. Starts Congo free trade, and renamed Congo to Belgium Congo

Afrikaners

The name of the Dutch that migrated eastward in the great trek. They are European looking, not African looking. They settled South Africa.

Boer War

The competition between the descendants of Dutch settlers, and English to control parts of South Africa. The Dutch wanted slavery, while the English did not. Effect- Once gold is found, British take over, and the Africans give up in 1902.

Zulu

An african tribe that resisted imperialism of Euorpe, and established a republic.

Maji Maji

A violent resistance to Colonial German rule by several comunities in German East Africa. The Germans won, but it sparked the idea of rebeliion.

Xhosa

A member of a South African ppl living in Eastern Cape Province. They form the 2nd largest ethnic group in South Africa after the Zulus.

Queen Victoria

Queen Victoria is associated with Britain's great age of industrial expansion, economic progress and, especially, empire. At her death, it was said, Britain had a worldwide empire on which the sun never set. She reigned durring the opium war with China.

Empress Cixi

Last Dowager Empress of China; she took power as empress, contrary to tradition and policy and wielded enormous power, opposing foreign influence and supporting the 1898-1900 Boxer Rebellion

Treaty of Nanjing

end of opium war gave Britain the ports to trade and the trade of opium continued.

Commodore Perry

American, Forced Japan to sign treaty that would benefit America more than it did for Japan. The treaty said USA can anchor ships outsdie of Japan, they can buy materials from Japan, ...

Hundred Days Reform

The Hundred Days' Reforms, launched by the Guangxu emperor and his followers in 1898, were a short-lived and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to propel China into modernity. China was seen as too isolated; the traditional self-representation of China as ruling over "All under Heaven" was incompatible with Western powers. Reform would strengthen defense against the West

Tokugawa Shogunate

Had chosen a policiy of Isolationism. It was also similar to Fuedal Europe.

Meiji Restoration

Japan Transformed itself into a major industrial, and militray power, were the Emperor was a figure head. Adapted western ideas, especially in Education. Japanese went to europe to laern western ideas, and culture. Railroads were built. Imperial period of Japan, they gained taiwan, korea, and parts of China." They Skipped all the negative."

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-95), conflict between Japan and China that marked the emergence of Japan's a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. The war grew out of conflict between the two countries for supremacy in Korea. Korea had long been China's most important client state, but its strategic location opposite the Japanese islands and its natural resources of coal and iron attracted Japan's interest. In 1875 Japan, which had begun to adopt Western technology, forced Korea to open itself to foreign, especially Japanese, trade and to declare itself independent from China in its foreign relations.

Russo-Japanese War

military conflict in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power.

Seven Years' War

(1756-63), the last major conflict before the French Revolution to involve all the great powers of Europe. Generally, France, Austria, Saxony, Sweden, and Russia were aligned on one side against Prussia, Hanover, and Great Britain on the other. The war arose out of the attempt of the Austrian Habsburgs to win back the rich province of Silesia, which had been wrested from them by Frederick II the Great of Prussia during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48). Prussian and Britain won and as a result gained more power.