Culture and Social Change

What is meant by 'agency' in social contexts?

The capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices.

What characterizes 'cultural fragmentation'?

The increasing diversity of cultural groups and the lack of a single dominant culture.

Define 'dominant culture'.

The most powerful group in society, often shaping social institutions and social inequalities.

What is 'subordinate culture' in relation to dominant culture?

A culture that challenges or contests the dominant culture, having less global influence.

What does 'pre-modernity' refer to?

A rigid social structure based on birthright and dominant culture prior to industrialization, characterized by monarchy and aristocracy.

How does 'modernity' differ from 'pre-modernity'?

Modernity involves shifts towards different systems where dominant and subordinate cultures may support or challenge the status quo.

What is a key characteristic of 'post-modernity'?

Significant cultural fragmentation with no dominant set of beliefs, values, or traditions, consisting of diverse smaller cultural groups.

What are 'folkways'?

Social norms with the least severe punishment that reflect social preferences, such as hygiene or mannerisms.

Describe 'social mores'.

Essential societal norms that are critical for survival, such as wearing clothes and adhering to traffic rules.

What is meant by 'taboos' in society?

Actions that lead to revulsion or horror when broken, often accompanied by severe punishment, such as incest.