zoo lab 9 (phyla echinodermata + chordata, subphyla cephalochordata + urochordata w/starfish dissection)

what type of environments do echinoderms live in?

marine

what symmetry do echinoderm larvae have?

bilateral

what symmetry do echinoderm adults have?

pentaradial

what is the name of echinoderm larvae?

bipinnaria

do echinoderms have a true head or brain?

no

what do echinoderms have instead of a brain?

nerve ring

function of nerve ring

react to stimuli

do echinoderms and chordates have an endoskeleton or exoskeleton?

endoskeleton

what makes up an echinoderm’s endoskeleton?

ossicles

what are ossicles made of?

calcium carbonate

what do the ossicles look like inside a starfish arm?

bone ridges

what do echinoderms have for gas exchange?

dermal branchiae

another term for dermal branchiae

skin gills

description of dermal branchiae

ciliated gaps in skin plates

what kind of coelomates are echinoderms?

coelomates

part of echinoderms’ coeloms evolved into this system

water vascular system

2 water vascular system functions

locomotion, predation

generally, how does the water vascular system work?

changes pressure in suction cups on tube feet

order of water flowing through water vascular system (6 steps/locations)

madreporite, stone canal, ring canal, radial canal, ampullae, tube feet

what is the madreporite, and where is is located?

opening of vascular system on aboral surface

what 2 features are unique to phylum echinodermata?

water vascular system, pentaradial symmetry

5 classes within phylum echinodermata

asteroidea, ophiuroidea, crinoidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea

example organism for class crinoidea

sea lilies

example organism for class ophiuroidea

brittle stars

2 example organisms for class echinoidea

sea urchins, sand dollars

example organism for class asteroidea

sea stars

example organism for class holothuroidea

sea cucumber

echinoderms have a shared history with…

chordates

where is the evidence for connection between echinoderms and chordates?

embryo development

what 3 characteristics in embryo development link chordates and echinoderms?

deuterostomes, radial cleavage, indeterminate development

echinoderms have an ___ and _____ surface

oral, aboral

how to tell aboral surface of starfish? (1)

madreporite

how to tell oral surface of starfish? (2)

mouth, ambulacral grooves

function and description of pedicellariae

pincerlike, remove small organisms like parasites and algae

2 functions of spines

protection, support

function of ambulacral grooves

house the tube feet

2 functions of tube feet

locomotion, capture prey

2 “types” of stomachs that starfish have

cardiac, pyloric

function of rectal ceca

increase surface area of intestines for absorption

which canal is directly connected to the madreporite?

stone canal

which canal encircles the starfish’s mouth?

ring canal

which canal extends into the starfish’s arms?

radial canal

ampullae function

provide pressure for tube feet

the ambulacral _____ are internal

ridges

the ambulacral _____ are external

grooves

chordates and echinoderms are ____blastic

triplo

chordates typically have a ____ circulatory system

closed

at some point, all chordates will have these 5 features

notochord, hollow dorsal nerve cord, postanal tail, pharyngeal gill slits, endostyle

what are 3 structures that the pharyngeal gill slits can turn into?

tonsils, ear bones, jaw

what can the endostyle turn into?

thyroid

2 common names for organisms in subphylum urochordata

tunicates, sea squirts

how do tunicates and lancelets eat?

filter feeding

do tunicates look like chordates as larvae or adults?

larvae

tunicates have an ____ circulatory system

open

tunicates are ___ecious

mono

what “nerve-structure” do tunicates have?

small ganglion

what do tunicate larvae look like?

tadpoles

common name for organisms in subphylum cephalochordata

lancelets

lancelets have intermediate features between _____ and ______

vertebrates, invertebrates

lancelets spend most of their time buried in…

sand

2 types of aquatic environments for lancelets

marine, brackish water

what is brackish water?

where marine and freshwater meet

starfish pyloric stomach description

connected to digestive glands, more aboral

starfish cardiac stomach description

can evert, more oral

what is the “tunic” in tunicates?

tough, fibrous covering

2 siphons that tunicates have

incurrent, excurrent

function of tunicate stolons

attachment to substrate

another term for tunicate larvae

ascidian larvae

function of lancelet myomeres

muscular movements

function of notochord

provide skeletal support

function and description of lancelet rostrum

anterior projection, shields mouth opening

function and description of lancelet wheel organ

ciliated, produces water current for feeding

function of oral cirri in lancelets

acts like strainer for particles

2 functions of pharyngeal gills

trap food, gas exchange

function of gill slits

let water out from pharynx

what is the velum in lancelets?

barrier between mouth and pharynx

3 functions of lancelet pharynx

receive water, trap food, gas exchange

function of atrium

receives water from pharynx

function of lancelet atriopore

let water out

2 functions of hepatic cecum in lancelets

digests small particles, stores lipids and glycogen

what do lancelets use for excretion?

nephridia

lancelets have a ____ circulatory system

closed

sea lily classification (phylum, class)

phylum echinodermata, class crinoidea

brittle star classification (phylum, class)

phylum echinodermata, class ophiuroidea

sea urchin or sand dollar classification (phylum, class)

phylum echinodermata, class echinoidea

sea star classification (phylum, class)

phylum echinodermata, class asteroidea

sea cucumber classification (phylum, class)

phylum echinodermata, class holothuroidea

tunicate classification (phylum, subphylum, class)

phylum chordata, subphylum urochordata, class ascidiacea

lancelet classification (phylum, subphylum, genus)

phylum chordata, subphylum cephalochordata, genus branchiostoma

another term for lancelet

amphioxus