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Taxonomy

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom

Natural selection

the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to their phenotype

Baraminology

A tree that attempts to classify organisms into distinct created kinds

divergence

similarity due to shared ancestry

convergence

features that have the same basic function but weren’t derived from the same structure in the common ancestor

Prokaryote

those lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

those contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles

autotroph

organisms that are capable of photosynthesis

heterotroph

organisms that must obtain their food from a different source

protist

a diverse group of single celled eukaryotic microorganisms that aren’t plants, animals or fungi

fungi

multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic

plants

multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotic, cell walls

animals

exhibits a variety of symmetry patterns

bacteria

single celled, prokaryotic microorganisms that lack a nucleus and membrane

Archea

a single cell microorganism that are genetically distinct from bacteria

radial symmetry (wagon wheel)

organisms with body parts arranged regularly around a central axis

Bilateral Symmetry (think a saw)

dividing organism by left and right halves

porifera (sponge)

no true tissues, but a porous body

Cnidarians (jelly fish)

animals that are diploblastic and have radial symmetry and stinging cells

Platyhelminthes(flat worm)

unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates

Nematodes

worms commonly called roundworms containing both free-living

and parasitic forms.

Arthropods

protostomes with jointed appendages and segmented bodies

Mollusks

a phylum of protostomes with soft bodies and no segmentation

Annelids

a large phylum of bilaterally symmetrical, segmented invertebrates, often called segmented worms

Echinoderms

a phylum of deuterostomes with spiny skin; exclusively marine organisms

Chordates

Animals distinguished by their possession of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord

Vertebrates

a group of chordates that possess a backbone or a spinal column

levels of orginization

population-community- ecosystem- Biome

Habitat

the natural home or environment of a plant, animal, or other organism.

ecological niche

an organisms’ way of life

biotic vs abiotic factors

Biotic factors are the living components of an ecosystem, like plants and animals, while abiotic factors are the non-living elements, such as temperature, water, and soil.

producers

create their own food using sunlight or chemicals forming the base of an ecosystem.

consumers

eat producers or other animals to gain energy

Decomposers

break down dead organisms, recycling nutrients back into the soil for producers

symbiosis

biological interaction between two different species

mutualism

a win-win relationship between two organisms

commensalism

neither organism is helped or harmed

parasitism

one organism takes over the host

competition

species struggling with limited resources

carrying capacity

a max number of individuals of specific species that an enviroment can support

keystone species

an organism that has a large effect on its ecosystem

foundation species

an organism that plays a dominant role in ecological community

first law of thermodynamics

energy cant be created or destroyed, only transferred

second law of thermodynamics

energy transfers or transforms the entropy

entropy

a measure of disorder

potential energy

stored energy capable of change

kinetic energy

energy of motion

catabolism

breaks down large moles to smaller ones

anabolism

building complex moles from smaller and simpler ones

photosynthesis

converting light energy into chemical energy

membrane

a thin, flexible barrier on the cell

nucleus

a control center storing DNA and directing cell growth

ribosome

a complex structure of rRNA and proteins

ER

a vast membrane network of sacs for central transportation and synthesis

Golgi

the cell’s post office, modyfying

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

fluid mosaic model

describes the cell membrane as a two dim layer

passive transport

movement of molecules across cell membrane

active transport

low to high concentration

dendrite

the branched, tree-like extensions of a neuron that act as the primary receiver of information

axon

a long, thin, threadlike extension of a nerve cell (neuron) that acts like a cable

synapse

the pairing of homologus chromosomes that occur during meiosis

central nervous system

made up of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

connects the CNS and the rest of the body

sympathetic

fight or flight

parasympathetic

rest and digest

homeostasis

maintaining stability in the body

set point

target value that a physiological variable is regulated around

hormones

chemical messenger on distant target cells

endocrine

ductless glands that release hormones into blood

exocrine

releases secretions through ducts

pulmonary

blood travels from the heat to lungs and back to heart

systemic

blood travels from heart to body for oxygen then back to heart

gas exchange (alveoli)

microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs

skeletal muscle

attach to bones and control motion

smooth muscle

attached to the walls of hollow organs

cardiac muscle

found only in the heart

endotherm

generates heat through metabolism

ectotherm

relies on outside sources for heat

mechanical digestion

breaking food into smaller pieces

Chemical digestion

enzymes breaking down food

absorption

digested nutrients moving into the digestive tract

enzyme

a protein that speeds up chemical reactions

liver

large organ that produces bile and processes nutrients

pancreas

an organ that releases enzymes into small intestine

bile

produced by the liver to emulsify fat and enzymes to be efficient

essential nutrients

the body can’t make these so it has to be eaten

asexual

reproduce on its own

sexual

has to have another mammal to reproduce

gamete

reproductive cell that has one set of chromosomes

fertilization

sperm penetrates and fuses with egg

zygote

diploid cell after fertilization

cleavage

rapid cell multiplication without size increase

blastocyst

mammalian blastula

gastrulation

three germ layers that generates major tissues and organs

neurulation

the forming of the neural tube

ectoderm

the outer germ layer

mesoderm

middle germ layer

Endoderm

lowest germ layer