Motivation, Emotion, Sex, Gender, Personality, and Psychological Disorders

These flashcards cover key concepts from the topics of motivation, emotion, sexual orientation, gender identity, personality, and psychological disorders, aiding in exam preparation through vocabulary and definitions.

Motivation

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel a certain way.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs, curiosity, challenge, and fun.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

Instinct

An innate biological pattern of behavior.

Drive

An aroused state that occurs due to a physiological need.

Need

A deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate said deprivation.

Drive Reduction Theory

An explanation for motivation; the goal being to maintain homeostasis.

Self-Determination

The innate human needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

Self-Regulation

The process of setting goals, monitoring progress, and making adjustments to behavior.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory that outlines a tier of human needs ranging from physiological needs to self-actualization.

Physiological Needs

Basic needs for food, water, warmth, and rest.

Safety Needs

The need for security and protection from physical and emotional harm.

Love and Belongingness Needs

The need for intimate relationships and connections with others.

Esteem Needs

The need for respect, self-esteem, and recognition from others.

Self-Actualization Needs

The need to realize one's full potential and engage in creative activities.

Hypothalamus

The brain region that regulates eating and thirst, among other functions.

Hormones

Chemical messengers that influence various physiological processes, including sexual motivation.

Activational Effects

Alteration of adult hormonal levels that can influence behavior.

Sexual Orientation

The direction of attraction for a sexual partner.

Homosexuality

Attraction for a person of the same sex.

Affiliation Motives

The need to associate with others and maintain social bonds.

Achievement Motives

The need to do well and avoid failure.

Emotion

A stirred-up state that reflects physiological arousal.

Components of Emotions

Physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral expression.

Emotional Valence

The intrinsic attractiveness or averseness of an event, object, or situation.

Resilience

An individual's ability to thrive even in difficult times.

Dual Processing of Emotions

The simultaneous activation of the amygdala and cortical areas in response to emotional stimuli.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The theory that emotions arise from physiological states triggered by stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

The theory that emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Schachter-Singer Theory

The theory that emotions are the result of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Sex

The biological properties and characteristics that define male and female.

Chromosomes

The structures within cells that carry genetic information.

Gonads

Organs that produce sex hormones: ovaries in females and testes in males.

Hormones (Sexual Development)

Chemicals that influence sexual characteristics and behaviors.

Gender

The social and psychological aspects associated with being male or female.

Gender Identity

An individual's sense of belonging to a particular gender.

Gender Expression

How individuals present their gender through behavior, interests, and appearance.

Non-Binary

Individuals who may identify as both male and female or as neither.

Transgender

Individuals whose psychological gender differs from their biological sex.

Gender Dysphoria

Discomfort that a person may feel in their biological gender.

Gender Development Theories

Theoretical frameworks explaining how biological, evolutionary, and social factors influence gender identity.

Sexuality

The way individuals experience and express themselves as sexual beings.

Phases of Sexual Response

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution/refractory period.

Fetishes

Arousal based on atypical sexual interests.

Personality

The unique and stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Freud's Topographical Model

A model that describes three levels of consciousness: id, ego, and superego.

Libido

The psychological energy associated with pleasure-seeking.

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious mental processes that protect an individual from anxiety.

Repression

The unconscious pushing away of anxiety-provoking thoughts.

Denial

Refusal to recognize reality or facts.

Projection

Attributing one's feelings or impulses to others.

Reaction Formation

Transforming an unacceptable impulse into its opposite.

Sublimation

Redirecting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.

Rationalization

Explaining away actions to reduce anxiety.

Displacement

Diverting emotional feelings from one target to another.

Projective Tests

Tests that assume individuals project their impulses into vague stimuli.

Collective Unconscious

A concept by Jung that emphasizes shared memories and archetypes in all humans.

Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory

The idea that individuals learn by observing others.

Cognitive-Social Personality Theory

Emphasizes thought, memory, and cognition in personality without focusing on the unconscious.

Humanistic Approach

The view that emphasizes personal potential and self-growth.

Trait Theory

The idea that traits are stable and identifiable characteristics of individuals.

Five Factors of Personality

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Therapeutic Approaches

Different psychological therapies that aim to treat mental disorders.

Insight-Oriented Therapy

Therapy that helps individuals understand the basis of their thoughts and feelings.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Focuses on changing dysfunctional thought patterns and behaviors.

Pharmacotherapy

The treatment of mental disorders with medications.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Treatment that involves inducing a seizure in the brain through electrical stimulation.

Anxiety Disorders

Disorders characterized by excessive fear or anxiety.

Panic Disorder

Characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks.

Agoraphobia

Fear of situations where escape might be difficult.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Presence of obsessions and/or compulsions that cause significant distress.

Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder characterized by irrational thought, emotion disruptions, and hallucinations.