Evolution & Natural selection and Bioengineering & Agriculture

When did humans originate in Africa?

200,000 years ago

When did humans migrate out of Africa?

50,000-80,000 years ago

What was the last continent reached by humans?

South America

When did humans reach South America?

12,000 ++ years ago

What did humans do for the first 200,000 years?

Hunt and gather

What did temperate regions do following seasonal migration?

They followed the migration of animals or seasonal plants

Hunters and gatherers

Were relatively advanced for their time

Small groups

Could share food easier

Early humans

Looked just like modern humans and used primitive needles and wore clothing

How are large cities and advanced civilizations possible

Agriculture

Agricultural systems

Provide large amounts of food to high-density human populations

What helped humans settle?

Food security

When was agricultural systems first made

12,000 years ago

Where did agriculture develop?

Mesotopia, India, China, and South America

Food we eat today

Is a product of Agriculture

Evidence for early domestication

30,000 years ago

How does domestication work?

A plant or animal that is modified from its ancestor by the process of artificial selection for human use

Domestication

Takes place over many generations, future offspring may inherit desirable characteristics genetically different from the ancestor

Taming

Is accomplished within the lifespan of the animal

What does taming do?

It suppresses aggression and rewards positive behavior. Genetics and appearance remain unchanged in future offspring

Dog ancestor

Gray Wolves

Gray Wolves

Inhabited Europe and are now extinct

When did domestication really begin?

12,000

How did domestication occur?

In association with hunter-gatherers

How were dogs bred?

Using artificial selection

Why were dogs domesticated?

Security, tracking prey, herding, sled pulling, racing, hunting, and guiding skills

Domestication of plants and animals

Occurred in many parts of the world

When did domestication of plants and animals start?

8,000 BCE

Why were crops domesticated?

Maximum productivity, fruit appeal, taste, and appearance

Domestication of fruits and vegetables

Have little pest resistance

1845 potato blight

Fungus that attacked the potato crop in Ireland

Irish Famine

A million died and another million moved to avoid countries to avoid famine

Pests

Attack and eat food crops (not selecting pest resistance in crops)

Pesticides

Can be used to control pests

DDT

Sprayed on crops as a pesticide in the 1940’s

DDT Safety

Not safe for humans

Pests resistant to DDT

Pests are evolving to be resistant to pesticides and are able to reproduce

Cost of pesticides

Are increasing

An increasing number of arthropods and weeds

Are becoming resistance to at least one pesticide

Bioengineering Crops (GMO)

Use less pesticides

GMO foods

A solution to meet food needs of the increasing population

GMO reaction

The public has negative reactions to GMA foods

What does GMO mean?

Genetically Modified Organism

Process of bioengineering crops

Taking a gene from a plant or animal and inserting it into an agricultural plant

Protein of bioengineered plant

Makes a protein specified by a certain gene

Bioengineered protein

May protect the plant against pests or provide a medical benefit

Bioengineering reduces crop loss due to pests

More food per acre of land, less destruction of wild habitats

Bioengineering lessons the use of pesticides

Pesticides are known to cause human and wildlife health problems

Cost effective production of protein

Vaccines, antibodies against disease

Genes during bioengineering

Might affect traditional crops because of wind pollination

Bioengineered crops produced for non-food users

May accidentally get mixed in with food crops

GMO Bioengineer requirement

Bioengineered foods must be labeled, effective January 1, 2022

Organic crops

Have no substances in the soil, cannot be produced by bioengineering

Without bioengineered crops

We may be unable to sufficiently feed our growing population

We risk increased exposure to harmful chemicals by…

Restricting bioengineered crops in favor of traditionally grown crops

Galileo made the idea of heliocentrism

The sun was the center of the solar system

The Catholic Church believed in geocentrism

The Earth was the center of the universe

Copernican

Heliocentrism

Ptolemaic

Geocentrism

Galileo was tried because of his idea of heliocentrism

He was sentenced to house arrest for the last 9 years of his life

What helped establish the modern separate roles of religion and science?

Pope John Paul admitting to the mistake of arresting Galileo for his belief in heliocentrism (1992)

Charles Darwin theory

Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection

When did Charles Darwin publish: On the Origin if Species

The 1850’s

What conflicted Charles Darwin’s theory

The notion of God, who created all things in the universe

John Scopes

A science teacher who broke the law by teaching about the theory that denies the story of God

John Scopes trial

Attracted huge national attention to the teaching of evolution in public school

After the Scopes trial

The U.S supreme court ruled in favor of teaching evolution in public schools

Religion deals with…

the supernatural which is considered unchanging

Science is…

Limited to the natural world and is subject to change

Secular and religious philosophers

Say evolution is compatible with a belief in God

Big Bang Theory

The universe is expanding, you can calculate when the universe began by knowing the distance between galaxies and speed

First estimated age of the universe

20 billion years old

Who first estimated the age of the universe?

Edwin Hubble

How old is the universe REALLY

13.8 billion years old

How were predictions about the universe’s age made?

Telescope

Why were Edwin Hubbles estimations off?

He lacked today’s technology

How old is the earth?

4.54 billion years old

How was the Earth’s age determined?

Using radiometric age dating

When does evidence for life show?

After 1 billion years of the Earth’s formation

What was the first bacterium that was found?

Stromatolite

When did Stromatolite live on Earth?

3.5 billion years ago

What did Stromatolite turn into?

All life that exists on earth

Lack of fossil evidence..

Doesn’t mean there was no life during the first billion years, there is no evidence

Adaptation

When organisms change to become better suited to their environment

Descent with modification

The passing of traits from parent to offspring over time

Charles Darwin voyage

He sailed around the world, southern hemisphere, in 1830

What did Charles Darwin do on his voyage

He took notes on his theory for Natural Selection which changed all science forever

What island did Charles Darwin voyage to?

Galapagos Island

South American Fossils

Extinct species seemed to be giant versions of living species

What did varieties of domestic animals result from?

Artificial Selection

What idea did Charles Darwin propose on his voyage?

Selection on. traits that affect survival and reproduction

Charles Darwin’s book published in 1859

The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

How long has life been evolving?

> 3.5 billion years

Genetic variability in human populations

Exists in populations of all organisms

Agents of natural selection

Factors that stop a species from existing: Disease, water availability, predators, temperature

What is evidence of natural selection?

Extinction

How many species that have ever lived are extinct?

99% of them

What does evolution require?

Inheritance of selected traits

DNA

Operates the same way in all organisms. The common thread tying all organisms together

Anatomical Evidence of Common Descent

All vertebrate forelimbs contain the same set of bones