Cell Biology and Reproduction Practice Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering DNA structure, types of reproduction, the stages of the cell cycle, and the differences between mitosis and meiosis based on the lecture notes.

DNA Shape

The structural form of the genetic material, described as a double helix.

DNA Function

Contains the instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all cells.

Nucleotide

The building block of DNA, composed of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Complementary Strands DNA Base Pairing

The principle where Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C).

Asexual Reproduction

A method of reproduction involving only one parent, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical; forms include binary fission, grafting, cutting, vegetative reproduction, and budding.

The Big 3 (Cell Cycle)

The three overarching stages of the cell cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.

PMAT

The sequential order of the phases of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

End Results of Mitosis

Two genetically identical daughter cells, typically used for growth and cellular repair.

End Results of Meiosis

Producing four genetically unique haploid cells used for reproduction.

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location.

Diploid

A human body cell containing $46$ chromosomes, which is the full number of chromosomes for the species.

Haploid

A gamete cell containing $23$ chromosomes, which is half ($1/2$) the number of chromosomes found in a body cell.

Gastration

The developmental stage involving the formation of embryonic layers after the zygote has developed into an embryo.

Gametes

The end products of meiosis, which are reproductive cells containing the haploid number of chromosomes.

Asexual Reproduction Advantages

Allows for rapid population growth and does not require finding a mate.

Sexual Reproduction Advantages

Creates genetic diversity within the population, which is beneficial for survival in changing environments.