2.5 The cell cycle

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Last updated 7:32 PM on 4/7/26
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19 Terms

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what is the cell cycle

the events in a cell’s life in which it is born, grows and reproduces

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2 stages of the cell cycle

  1. growth- interphase

  2. division- mitosis and cytokinesis

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the cell spends almost _% of its life growing

90

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a cell in interphase

  • grows and carries out its normal functions

  • makes copies of its organelles and forms new ones

  • makes a copy of its DNA

  • makes mistakes while copying its DNA and fixes them before cell division starts

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DNA during interphase is

chromatin which is thin and stringy in apperance

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Stages of interphase

  1. G1 (growth)

  2. S (synthesis

  3. G2 (growth)

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G1 phase

  • cell is in its first growth phase

  • Growing and carrying out metabolic ( e.g producing proteins)

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S phase

Cell makes an entire identical copy of its DNA

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G2 phase

  • Cell moves into its second growth phase

  • Approaches its maximum size and produces the structures needed for mitosis

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Mitosis

Contents of the nucleus (DNA) separate into 2 identical copies

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4 phases of Mitosis

  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase

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Prophase

  • pro = before=first

  • Chromosomes coil (condense) and thicken

  • Nuclear membrane disappears

  • Centrioles start to move to opposite poles of the cell

  • Spindle fibres start to form, originating from the centrioles

<ul><li><p>pro = before=first</p></li><li><p>Chromosomes coil (condense) and thicken</p></li><li><p>Nuclear membrane disappears</p></li><li><p>Centrioles start to move to opposite poles of the cell</p></li><li><p>Spindle fibres start to form, originating from the centrioles</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Metaphase

  • Meta = middle

  • Centrioles are located at the opposite poles

  • Spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each double stranded chromosome and along them at the center of the cell

<ul><li><p>Meta = middle</p></li><li><p>Centrioles are located at the opposite poles</p></li><li><p>Spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each double stranded chromosome and along them at the center of the cell</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Anaphase

  • ana = back/seperate

  • Each double stranded chromosome splits

    • Sister chromatids get pulled apart and backwards toward opposite poles

<ul><li><p>ana = back/seperate</p></li><li><p>Each double stranded chromosome splits</p><ul><li><p>Sister chromatids get pulled apart and backwards toward opposite poles</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Telophase

  • Telo = end

  • Nuclear membrane forms around each new set of single-stranded chromosomes

  • Chromosomes stretch out (decondense) and become thin (chromatin)

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Cytokinesis

  • cytoplasm and other organelles are distributed amongst the 2 new identical daughter cells

  • Cell membrane forms around each

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Cytokinesis in animal cells

cell membrane pinches in the middle and creates a cleavage furrow

<p>cell membrane pinches in the middle and creates a cleavage furrow</p><p></p>
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Cytokinesis in plant cells

A cell plate is formed that develops into a new cell wall

<p>A cell plate is formed that develops into a new cell wall</p>
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Checkpoints in a cell cycle

  • During the cell cycle activities are controlled at specific points

  • At each specialised proteins monitor cell activities and send messages to the nucleus

  • Nucleus tells the cell whether to divide