TQM Lecture 3

GROUPS IN ORGANIZATION

Organizations are made up of people working together to achieve common goals. No organization can operate successfully if employees work individually without coordination.

Formal Groups

are officially created by the organization to accomplish specific tasks and responsibilities. These groups are intentionally formed by management and are included in the organizational structure.

Informal Groups

Informal groups are naturally formed by employees based on friendship, shared interests, hobbies, or social connections. Unlike formal groups, informal groups are not officially created by management.

GROUP DYNAMICS

Group dynamics refer to the way members interact, communicate, and influence one another within a group. Every group develops its own behavior, relationships, and working environment.

Forming Stage

members meet each other and begin understanding the group’s purpose. Employees may still feel shy, cautious, or uncertain about their roles. members are usually polite and avoid conflict.

Storming Stage

disagreements and conflicts may begin to appear. Members may have different opinions, work styles, or expectations. Competition and misunderstandings sometimes occur as members adjust to one another.

Norming Stage

members begin developing trust, cooperation, and unity. Rules and expectations become clearer, and employees start working together more effectively. Communication improves, and conflicts are gradually resolved.

Performing Stage

when the group becomes fully functional and productive. Members work efficiently toward achieving organizational goals. Cooperation, trust, and communication are strong, allowing the group to perform at a high level.

Adjourning Stage

occurs when the group’s task or project is completed. Members separate and move on to other assignments.

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

sending and receiving information, ideas, thoughts, or messages

between individuals or groups. In organizations, communication is essential because employees

constantly exchange information to coordinate tasks, solve problems, and achieve goals.

Sender

the person who creates and delivers the message. The sender must communicate clearly

so the receiver can properly understand the information.

Message

information, idea, or instruction being communicated. Messages should be

clear, accurate, and understandable to avoid confusion.

Channel

method or medium used to send the message. Organizations use different

communication channels depending on the situation.

Receiver

person or group who receives and interprets the message. The receiver’s

understanding is important because communication is unsuccessful if the message is misunderstood.

Feedback

response of the receiver to the sender. Feedback helps confirm whether the message was understood correctly.

Verbal Communication

involves spoken words. This type of communication commonly occurs during meetings, presentations, phone calls, and discussions.

Written Communication

Written communication uses written words to deliver information. Examples include emails, letters,

reports, and memos.

Non-Verbal Communication

involves body language, facial expressions, gestures, posture, and eye

contact. Even without words, people communicate emotions and attitudes through non-verbal signals.

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION

Communication is not always successful because several barriers may interfere with the message.

Noise

any distraction that disrupts communication. This may include loud sounds, interruptions, or technical problems.

Language Differences

Employees may misunderstand each other if they use unfamiliar words or speak different languages.

Lack of Attention

Communication fails when the receiver is not listening carefully or paying attention.

Misinterpretation

Sometimes receivers interpret messages differently from what the sender intended. Poor wording and

unclear instructions often cause this problem.

EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY

two concepts are

important because businesses must achieve goals while properly managing resources such as time,

money, labor, and materials.

EFFECTIVENESS

refers to achieving organizational goals and objectives. It focuses on doing the right

things to accomplish desired outcomes.

EFFICIENCY

Efficiency refers to performing tasks properly while minimizing waste of time, money, energy, and

materials. It focuses on doing things the right way.