final cbg pt 1

monomer of proteins

amino acids

monomer of carbs

monosaccharides

monomer of nucleic acid

nucleotide

bond of proteins

peptide bond

bond of carbs

glycosidic linkage

bond of nucleic

phospodiester bond

carboxyl

c terminus

amino

n terminus

helicase

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.

Toposiomerase

corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

dna polymerase 3

add nucleotides on the 3' end

phospholipid

i. Glycerol backbone, two fatty acids (hydrophobic), phosphate head group (hydrophilic)

dna polymerase 1

removes rna primers

rna polymerase 2

transcribes genes into mRNA

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

correct match between a tRNA and amino acid

termination for transcription

bacteria- end of the terminator

termination for translation

stop codon will produce a release factor

termination for transcription - eukaryote

rna polymerase 2 will transcribe the polyadenylation signal sequence and end 10-35 sequences after

poly a tail

3'

cap

5'

RNA modifications

facilitate the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes, ribosomes will attach to 5' end

spilceosomes

proteins and several small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

tRNAs

transfer amino acids to growing polypeptide in a ribosome

tRNA

specific amino acid and anti-codon

peripheral proteins

bound to the surface of the membrane

integral proteins

penetrate the hydrophonic core

transmembrane

integral proteins that span the membrane

hydrophobic

non-polar

what can pass through the membrane rapidily

hydrocarbons, co2, oxygen

what passes slowly

sugars, waters, and ions

hypertonic (plants)

plasmolyzed

isotonic (plants)

flaccid

hypotonic (plants)

turgid (normal)

hypotonic

lyse

hypertonic

shrivel

initially the pump has a high affinity

na

phosphorlyation leads to high affinity

k

whats the output of the na/k

3 na out for 2 k in

receptor-mediated endocytosis

bind to the coat proteins?

gap junctions

animals

plasmodesmata

plants

paracrine- short med range

growth factors

endocrine- long range

hormones

what does the ability of a cell to respond depend on

receptor specfic to signal

reception

target cell detects a signaling molecule that binds to a receptor protein on the cell surface

transduction

binding of the signaling molecule alters the recetpro and initates a signal transduction pathway

response

triggers a specfic response in target cell

steroid receptor is in the

cytoplasm

binding

change shape

protein kinase

enzymes that transfer phosphates from ATP to target protein

protein phosphases

remove phosphate

cAMP is produced by

adenylyl cyclase

cAMP activates

protein kinase a

vibrio cholerae

g protein is stuck in its active form

Ca is low

cytoplasm

Ca is high

mitochondria and ER

cellular response causes changes to

gene transcription, enzyme activity, and cytoskeleton

final activated molecule can act as

transcription factor

termination of signal

GTPase, protein phosphatases, phosphodiesterase

apoptosis prevents

leaking out and damaging other cells

apoptosis triggers

irreparable DNA damage and excessive protein misfolding

apoptosis signaling

ced 9 will no longer be inhibited