༉‧₊˚. physical sci: chap 2

this is where the early conception of the atomic theory and elements started

greece

composition of matter

urstuff

according to him, in both the synthesis during life and the decomposition after death, water was the primary component of all matter.

thales of miletus

according to him, air was the primary component of all matter

anaximenes

fo him,the primary component of all matter was fire.

heraclitus

they deserted the concept of a single, primary element for all matter and suggested that all matter is a combination of the four elements: water, air, fire, and earth.

pythagoras of samos with his followers

he developed the theory that all matter in the universe was composed of various combinations and proportions of four elementary substances

empedocles

he supported the pythagorean view and added that the four elements - and therefore all of matter - are infinitely divisible.

aristotle

it was him who first believed that all matter, inlcuding the four elements, was composed of a basic building block now known as atom.

leucippus of miletus

the word atom came from the greek word?

atomos

atomos means?

indivisible

leucippus’s ideas were further developed by his student who proposed that the atom has the following characteristics:

1. invisible because it is extremely small

2. indivisible because it cannot be broken down to a tinier count

3. solid, spherical, and not empty

4. surrounded by an empty space

5. eternal because atoms are seamless

6. immeasurable in terms of the number of shapes

democritus or abdera

he supported democritus’s atomos theory, saying that the basic composition of all things were atoms flying through an empty space known as void.

epicurus

this is the theory that all matter is composed of atoms

atomism

is the science concerned with the composition, properties, characteristics, and the changes of matter.

chemistry

this is often called the central science because it connects the physical, life, and applied sciences.

chemistry

chemistry thrived during this era

middle ages

chemistry was known then as?

alchemy

an ancient practice that mixes black magic and scientific knowledge with much superstition.

alchemy

main objectives of alchemy were to?

1. find the “elixir of life” which can bring wealth, power, and immortality

2. find the so called “philosopher’s stone” which can turn base metals into gold (believed to be the purest form of matter)

3. discover the cosmological relationship of humans

a french priest, philosophe, and scholar of science and ancient texts, rejected the view that matter is infinitely divisible

Pierre Gassendi

he suggested that material objects have substrata made up of basic, indivisible principles.he believed that the closer these principles are put together, the harder the material or object is; whereas the more void between these principles, the softer the object is.

pierre gassendi

irish physicist and chemist who proposed a similar idea to pierre gassendi. through experiments, he developed a principle of gases - now known as Boyle’s Law. he concluded that since gas can be compressed, it must be composed of particles that have spaces between them.

robert boyle

it states that at constant temperature, the volume of gas decreases as the pressure increases.

boyle’s law

tiny identical particles

corpuscles

he studied the transmutation of elements and claimed to have changed gold into mercury by means of “quicksilver”, the ingredients of which he kept secret.

robert boyle

a substance that cannot be broken down into two or more substances

element

he is the one who endorsed a proper definition of element

robert boyle

list the different atomic models based on experiments conducted by the titans of the quantum world

1. dalton’s “billiard ball” model and the atomic theory

2. the subatomic particles and thomson’s plum-pudding model

3. rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom

4. quantum hypothesis and bohr’s planetary model of the atom

the first person credited to propose the first model of the atom (dalton’s billiard ball model and atomic theory) was?

democritus

he believed that matter was composed of inidvisible, invisible, homogeneous solid, which varied in size and shape.

democritus

after the dark age of atomism, an english chemist, physicist, and meteorologist, revived and developed the modern atomic theory in the early 1800s

John Dalton

he suggested that all atoms of an element have the same size and weight, and that they bond chemically in simple ratios to form compounds.

John Dalton

states that when two elements form more than one compound by combining in more than one proportion by weight, the weight of one element in one of the compounds is in simple, integer ratios to its weights in the other compounds.

Law of multiple proportions

a british physicist, discovered that dalton’s atomic model was not accurate so he proposed that atoms are uniform spheres of positively charged matter in which negatively charged particles are embedded.

joseph john thomson

an english chemist and physicist invented a tube into which he discharged cathode rays and observed that the rays inside the tube were bent by a magnet.

sir william crookes

they were negatively charged because they were attracted by positive charges

cathode rays

plum-pudding or?

raisin bread

thomson’s cathode ray was later called?

electron

he called the cathode rays as electron

george johnstone stoney

he discovered a subatomic particle in 1886

eugen goldstein

canals in the cathode

canal rays