AP WORLD CHAP 9

Triple Alliance

An alliance created by Otto Van Mismack between Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary

Schlieffen Plan

A plan made to attack France through Belgium

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The archduke of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated in 1914

Gavrilo Princip

The Serbian nationalist who killed the archduke and his wife

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

Isolationism

A policy where a country focuses on its own internal affairs

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram sent by Germany to Mexico for recruiting them in the war, which was intercepted by the US

New Economic Policy (NEP)

A policy that allowed farmers to sell portions of grain for their own profit

Joseph Stalin

The successor of Vladimir Lenin and the new leader of the communist party in Russia

Five-Year Plans

A plan that expedited agricultural production and took over private farms to combine them with state-owned enterprises

Collectivization

The process of combining the private farms with state farms for more profit

USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic)

The Soviet Union, created by Joseph Stalin to improve the government

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty signed by Germany after WW1, which forced them to pay massive fines, demilitarize, and give up land

Great Depression

The stock market crash of October 1929, which led to extreme financial hardships all over the globe

Fascism

The idea of destroying the will of the individuals in favor of “the people.”

Nationalism

Extreme identification with your own country and ideals of the country

Benito Mussolini

The founder and leader of the National Fascist Party and also the prime minister of Italy

Blackshirts

A squad paid to fight socialist and communist organizations in Italy

Weimar Republic

A historical period of the German state, where they were a conservative democratic republic

Nationalist Socialist Party (Nazis)

A political party that rose in the 1920s after the great depression

Reichstag

The elected body of the Weimar Republic

Adolf Hitler

Former head of the Nazi party, well known for the implementation of the idea of a superior Aryan race, among other things

Third Reich

Hitler becomes the leader of the Reichstag and seized control of the government, his fascist rule was known as the third reich

Fourteen Points

A list of points created by the former president of the united states Woodrow Wilson, which were focused on establishing future peace

League of Nations

The failed joint council of nations globally, created by US President Woodrow Wilson

Russia Revolution

Occurred before WW1, when the citizens urged the current leader to implement enlightened reforms in the state

Czar Nicholas

Former Russian leader who was forced to abdicate his throne

Alexander Kerensky

Former Russian leader who succeeded Nicholas and implemented an ineffectual provisional government

Bolsheviks

A soviet socialist party

Vladimir Lenin

The Marxist leader of the Bolsheviks

April Theses

Demanded peace, land for peasants, and power to the soviets

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

An armistice signed by Germany and the Soviets, which ceded a portion of western Germany to the Russians

Soviet Union

The USSR was a transcontinental socialist state in Russia

Red Army

An army created by the Bolsheviks under the command of Leon Trotsky

Leon Trotsky

The Leader of the Red Army

Mustafa Kemal

“The father of the Turks,” who led military campaigns against Greece and overthrew the Ottoman sultan

Ataturk

Mustafa Kemal

Manchukuo

The renamed Manchuria, which was invaded by Japan and renamed as a new colony

Anti-Comintern Pact

Signed by Japan and Germany, going against communism specifically in Russia in 1936

Francisco Franco

A General in Spain who took over parts of Spain to defeat democracy

Rhineland

The region west of the Rhine River that was reclaimed by Germany after it was taken in WW1

Munich Conference of 1938

Where Hitler, Mussolini, and Chamberlain met. Chamberlain gave Hitler the Sudetenland to appease him

Neville Chamberlain

The former Prime Minister of England

Appeasement

A policy used to appease enemies to cease whatever they're doing

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Signed by the Germans and Soviets, where Germany agreed not to invade the soviets if they stayed out of their affairs

Blitzkrieg

Hitler's war tactic, which literally translates to lightning war, where they destroyed and took over everything in their path

Winston Churchill

Former leader of Britain who succeeded Chamberlain and was a fierce prime minister

Battle of Britain

Where the Germans attempted to invade and take over Britain by air, but failed

Tripartite Pact

A pact between Japan, Rome, and Berlin

Pearl Harbor

A major US naval station in Hawaii that was bombed by Japan in 1941

Manhattan Project

The United States’ project for the development of the atomic bomb

D-Day

Allied forces battled across northern France with the help of the French resistance to liberate them

President Truman

Former US president who ordered the dropping of two atomic bombs onto Japan

Hiroshima

A city in Japan that was bombed by the US

Nagasaki

A city in Japan that was also bombed by the US

Holocaust

The largest genocide in history of Jewish, gay, disabled, and non aryan race individuals by Germany

Marshall Plan

Named after the former US Secretary of state in which billions of US dollars were offered to European countries to help rebuild after WW2

United Nations

The international organization to replace the failed League of Nations, created to mediate issues globally

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Published by the United Nations to address all minorities

Cold War

Between the United States and Soviet Union for global domination due to an arms race

Yalta

A city in present day Ukraine

Potsdam

A city in Europe

Berlin Blockade

When the Soviets cut off land access to Berlin from the west

Berlin Airlift

When the west sent in food and fuel to the trapped citizens in western Berlin

Soviet Bloc

East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary

Western Bloc

Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, West Germany, Greece, and Turkey

Truman Doctrine

Where the United States stated it would aid countries threatened by communist takeovers

Containment

Where a country tries to stop the spread of another country's ideas

NATO

the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, formed by the Western Bloc

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance formed by the Soviet Bloc

Iron Curtain

The line between the East and the West, named by Winston Churchill

Bandung Conference

A conference that invited leaders from Africa and Asia to discuss a partnership

Non-Aligned Movement

An international organization that promotes nonviolence

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

The attempted treaty to limit nuclear technology to just China, Russia, the United States, France, and Great Britain

General MacArthur

Former general of the UN forces

Indochina

A former French colony

Vietminh

A group of nationalists that fought against France

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of the communist north of Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem

Leader of the democratic south of Vietnam

Viet Cong

Communist led armed movement to take over the south

Khmer Rouge

A communist faction led by Pol Pot, which

basically destroyed Cambodia and was ended by the communist Vietnamese

Guerrilla Warfare

Stealthy, sneaky, and much lower-tech warfare

Proxy wars

Wars between other countries that were backed by the two major powers

Sun Yat-sen

Leader of the Chinese Revolution

Chinese Revolution of 1911

Where China became more westernized to gain power

Three Principles of the People

Promoted by Sun Yat-sen, which were nationalism, socialism, and democracy

Kuomintang (KMT)

Political party established by Sun Yat-sen

Chiang Kai-shek

Successor of Sun Yat-sen and former leader of the KMT

Mao Zedong

Chinese politician who founded the Republic of China

Republic of China

Established in present-day Taiwan, but not recognized as true China

People's Republic of China

The largest communist Nation in the world, led by Mao Zedong

Great Leap Forward

Implementation of huge communes to catapult the revolution to a true Marxist state

Cultural Revolution

Mao’s goal was to discourage a privileged ruling class

Mengitsu Haile Mariam

Leader of the Derg in Ethiopia, a Marxist military group that wanted to bring socialism to the nation

Kerala

An indian state

Indian National Congress

A mostly Hindu political party aimed to increase the rights of indians under colonial rule, established in 1885

Muslim League

Established in 1906 to advance the causes of islamic indians

Amritsar massacre

When 319 indians where slaughtered by British general Dyer during a peaceful protest

Mohandas Gandhi

Well-known for his voice against colonial rule, which promoted civil disobedience